The contribution of various mechanisms to mRNA diversity of human fusion oncogene RUNX1-RUNX1T1
Keywords:
fusion oncogene RUNX1-RUNX1T1, alternative RNA splicing, high throughput sequencing, biological noiseAbstract
In this work, we used a comprehensive set of the fusion oncogene RUNX1-RUNX1T1 alternative exons to analyze the patterns of its mRNA generation. We found that the waste majority of alternative exons are modified variants of canonical exons, and the transcripts, including such exons, have a very low expression level. The «hot regions», including exons 4a, 6, 8b, 9, 11 and 12, produces about 80 % of such variants. Also we described a new transcription start region of RUNX1-RUNX1T1 and provide the evidences of co-expression of the fusion RNAs with normal and shortened 3′-UTRs in leukemic cells.
References
- Peterson LF, Boyapati A, Ahn E, Biggs JR, Okumura AJ, Lo M-C, et al. Acute myeloid leukemia with the 8q22;21q22 translocation: secondary mutational events and alternative t(8;21) transcripts. Blood. 2007;110(3):799–805. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-11-019265.
- LaFiura KM, Edwards H, Taub JW, Matherly LH, Fontana JA, Mohamed AN, et al. Identification and characterization of novel AML1-ETO fusion transcripts in pediatric t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Oncogene. 2008;27(36):4933–4942. DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.134.
- Grinev VV, Migas AA, Kirsanava AD, Mishkova OA, Siomava N, Ramanouskaya TV, et al. Decoding of exon splicing patterns in the human RUNX1-RUNX1T1 fusion gene. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 2015;68:48–58. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.08.017.
- Migas AA, Mishkova OA, Ramanouskaya TV, Ilyushonak IM, Aleinikova OV, Grinev VV. RUNX1T1/MTG8/ETO gene expression status in human t(8;21)(q22;q22)-positive acute myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemia Research. 2014;38(9):1102–1110. DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.06.002.
- Pfaffl MW. A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT – PCR. Nucleic Acids Research. 2001;29(9):e45. DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.9.e45.
- Ramakers C, Ruijter JM, Deprez RHL, Moorman AF. Assumption-free analysis of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) data. Neuroscience Letters. 2003;339(1):62–66. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3940(02)01423-4.
- Ruijter JM, Ramakers C, Hoogaars WM, Karlen Y, Bakker O, van den Hoff MJ, et al. Amplification efficiency: linking baseline and bias in the analysis of quantitative PCR data. Nucleic Acids Research. 2009;37(6):e45. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp045.
- Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics. 2014;30(15):2114 –2120. DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170.
- Birol I, Raymond A, Chiu R, Nip KM, Jackman SD, Kreitzman M, et al. Kleat: cleavage site analysis of transcriptomes. In: Altman RB, Dunker AK, Hunter L, Ritchie MD, Murray TA, Klein TE, editors. Biocomputing-2015. Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing; 2015 January 4–8; Fairmont Orchid, Hawaii. [S. l.]: [s. n.]; 2015. p. 347–358. DOI: 10.1142/9789814644730_0034.
- Xiao Z, Greaves MF, Buffler P, Smith M. Molecular characterization of genomic AML1-ETO fusions in childhood leukemia. Leukemia. 2001;15(12):1906–1913. DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402318.
- Zhang Y, Strissel P, Strick R, Chen J, Nucifora G, Le Beau MM, et al. Genomic DNA breakpoints in AML1/RUNX1 and ETO cluster with topoisomerase II DNA cleavage and DNase I hypersensitive sites in t(8;21) leukemia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2002;99(5):3070–3075. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.042702899.
- Kent WJ. BLAT – the BLAST-like alignment tool. Genome Research. 2002;12(4):656 – 664. DOI: 10.1101/gr.229202.
- Speir ML, Zweig AS, Rosenbloom KR, Raney BJ, Paten B, Nejad P, et al. The UCSC Genome Browser database: 2016 update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016;44(D1):D717–725. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1275.
- Ilyushonak IM, Gunko EP, Antonovich ML, Yatskou MM, Kustanovich AM, Sukhareuski AYu, et al. Study of RNA splicing patterns of the human RUNX1-RUNX1T1 fusion oncogene by the methods of data mining and high-throughput DNA sequencing. In: Kil’chevskii AV, chief editor. Molekulyarnaya i prikladnaya genetika. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Tom 23. Minsk: Institut genetiki i tsitologii NAN Belarusi; 2017. p. 92–101. Russian.
- Robinson JT, Thorvaldsdóttir H, Winckler W, Guttman M, Lander ES, Getz G, et al. Integrative genomics viewer. Nature Biotechnology. 2011;29(1):24–26. DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1754.
- Patro R, Duggal G, Love MI, Irizarry RA, Kingsford C. Salmon provides fast and bias-aware quantification of transcript expression. Nature Methods. 2017;14(4):417–419. DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4197.
- Pages H, Aboyoun P, Gentleman R, DebRoy S. Biostrings: Efficient manipulation of biological strings. R package version 2.30.1. 2014. DOI: 10.18129/B9.bioc.Biostrings.
- Morgan M, Pages H, Obenchain V, Hayden N. Rsamtools: Binary alignment (BAM), FASTA, variant call (BCF), and tabix file import. R package version 1.34.1. 2019. DOI: 10.18129/B9.bioc.Rsamtools.
- Lawrence M, Huber W, Pagès H, Aboyoun P, Carlson M, Gentleman R, et al. Software for Computing and Annotating Genomic Ranges. PLOS Computational Biology. 2013;9(8):e1003118. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003118.
- Lorenz R, Bernhart SH, Höner zu Siederdissen C, Tafer H, Flamm C, Stadler PF, et al. ViennaRNA Package 2.0. Algorithms for Molecular Biology. 2011;6:26. DOI: 10.1186/1748-7188-6-26.
- Grinev VV, Ilyushonak IM, Clough R, Nakjang S, Smink J, Martinez-Soria N, et al. RUNX1/RUNX1T1 controls alternative splicing in the t(8;21)-positive acute myeloid leukemia cells. BioRxiv. 2019. p. 628040. DOI: 10.1101/628040.
- Cocquet J, Chong A, Zhang G, Veitia RA. Reverse transcriptase template switching and false alternative transcripts. Genomics. 2006;88(1):127–131. DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2005.12.013.
- Houseley J, Tollervey D. Apparent Non-Canonical Trans-Splicing is generated by reverse transcriptase in vitro. PLOS ONE. 2010;5(8):e12271. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012271.
- Markova EN, Kantidze OL, Razin SV. Transcription of the AML1/ETO chimera is guided by the P2 promoter of the AML1 gene in the Kasumi-1 cell line. Gene. 2012;510(2):142–146. DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.028.
- Kozu T, Fukuyama T, Yamami T, Akagi K, Kaneko Ya. MYND-less splice variants of AML1-MTG8 (RUNX1-CBFA2T1) are expressed in leukemia with t(8;21). Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2005;43(1):45–53. DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20165.
- Wan Y, Larson DR. Splicing heterogeneity: separating signal from noise. Genome Biology. 2018;19(1):86. DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1467-4.
- Sandberg R, Neilson JR, Sarma A, Sharp PA, Burge CB. Proliferating cells express mRNAs with shortened 3′ UTRs and fewer microRNA target sites. Science. 2008;320(5883):1643–1647. DOI: 10.1126/science.1155390.
- Johnson DT, Shima T, Davis AG, Zhang D-E. Characterization of the Post-Transcriptional Regulation of AML1-ETO Expression in t(8;21) Leukemia Cells. Blood. 2017;130(1):3790. URL: http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/130/Suppl_1/3790.
- Junge A, Zandi R, Havgaard JH, Gorodkin J, Cowland JB. Assessing the miRNA sponge potential of RUNX1T1 in t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia. Gene. 2017;615(C):35–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.03.015.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
The authors who are published in this journal agree to the following:
- The authors retain copyright on the work and provide the journal with the right of first publication of the work on condition of license Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial. 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).
- The authors retain the right to enter into certain contractual agreements relating to the non-exclusive distribution of the published version of the work (e.g. post it on the institutional repository, publication in the book), with the reference to its original publication in this journal.
- The authors have the right to post their work on the Internet (e.g. on the institutional store or personal website) prior to and during the review process, conducted by the journal, as this may lead to a productive discussion and a large number of references to this work. (See The Effect of Open Access.)










