Комплексы хлоридов алюминия, железа(III) и галлия(III) с простыми эфирами в синтезе реакционно-способного полиизобутилена
Аннотация
В обзоре представлены последние достижения в области катионной полимеризации изобутилена, катализируемой комплексами традиционных кислот Льюиса с простыми эфирами. Приведены экспериментальные и теоретические доказательства влияния пространственной структуры и основности эфира, используемого для приготовления комплекса, на его активность, а также региоселективность реакции отщепления протона в β-положении по отношению к макрокатиону. Наибольшую активность и региоселективность в полимеризации изобутилена показали комплексы галогенидов металлов с линейным (Bu2O) и слаборазветвленным (iPr2O) эфирами умеренной основности (pKa от –4,3 до –5,4), в результате которой образуется реакционно-способный полиизобутилен (HR PIB) – основной интермедиат при производстве добавок в моторные масла и топливо. Особое внимание уделено адаптации каталитических систем к промышленным условиям (использование неполярных растворителей, высоких температур синтеза, высоких концентраций мономера).
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