Journal of the Belarusian State University. Ecology
The results of radiation-hygienic monitoring of milk and potatoes producedin local farms in radioactive contaminated zones
The estimation of 137Cs and 90Sr specific activity levels in food personal households that the most consumed of rural belorusian population (milk and potatoes) on the radioactive contamination zones of the Gomel, Mogilev, Brest regions of the Republic of Belarus in 2013–2025 have been done. The radiation-hygienic monitoring in personal household results of state sanitary supervision data have been used for analysis in the article. The reference levels of 137Cs and 90Sr in food were exceed only in 2013–2022 in few samples of potatoes and milk from some settlements (1–10 settlements annually) only in the Bragin, Dobrush, Chechersk, Khoiniki and Narovlya districts of Gomel region and Belynichi and Krasnopolye districts of Mogilev region. Since 2023 the reference levels of 137Cs and 90Sr in milk and potatoes were not exceed but in some samples of vegetables and berries in the Gomel region the excesses of reference levels have been registered in 28 samples: 137Cs – in 2 samples of greens and 2 samples of strawberries from 2 settlements; 90Sr – in 24 samples of carrots and beets from 10 settlements. The number of settlements and samples in which the 137Cs and 90Sr reference levels were exceed and specific activity of 137Cs and 90Sr in milk and potatoes (average, maximum, 75th percentile) from personal household in 2018–2022 heave been assessed. The 75th percentile of the 137Cs specific activity in the most regions of the Republic of Belarus were: milk – up to 15 Bq/kg, potatoes – up to 20 Bq/kg, as well as 90Sr: milk – up to 2 Bq/kg, potatoes – up to 1.5 Bq/kg. On the modern stage after the Chernobyl accident the radiological situation for last 10 years is stable, dynamic of the average specific activity of 137Cs and 90Sr levels in local food were unchanging, the current reference levels of 137Cs and 90Sr specific activity in milk were exceed only in some cases which does not depend on the radioactive contamination density of the settlements and depend on the peculiarities of personal household management and the geochemical characteristics of the soils.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of the Belarusian State University. Ecology
Formation and Development of the System of Informing the Population of Belarus after the Chernobyl Disaster
The dynamics of the development of the public information system in the Republic of Belarus after the Chernobyl accident is analyzed. It is noted that underestimating information efforts in the early years had serious consequences. Thus, the secrecy regime and the lack of reliable information created the basis for panic, Chernobyl myths, and led to the emergence of radiophobia. The transition to a systemic information system was implemented in the early 2000s. The «Concept for Informing the Public and Government Bodies on the Problems of the Chernobyl Disaster» was developed. Information efforts were further developed within the framework of the State Program for Overcoming the Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Disaster for 2006–2010 and the Program for Joint Activity of Belarus and Russia in Overcoming the Consequences of the Chernobyl Disaster for the same period. The national structure for coordinating information efforts was created – the Belarusian Branch of the Russian-Belarusian Information Center on the Consequences of the Chernobyl NPP Disaster. The State Program for Mitigating the Consequences of the Chernobyl NPP Disaster for 2011–2015 and for the Period up to 2020 includes a separate section entitled «Improving information efforts». Comprehensive Information Support System for Mitigating the Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Disaster was developed. The Program for Joint Activity of Belarus and Russia in Overcoming the Consequences of the Chernobyl Disaster for the Period up to 2016 made a significant contribution to the development of information efforts. A number of innovative projects have been implemented. Currently, radiation protection is gradually losing its priority over other areas – social, economic, and psychological. The emphasis is shifting towards the social rehabilitation policies and the development of social engagement among citizens.
Social and Environmental Problems of Sustainable Development
Tritium content in lichens in the emergency protective action planning zone of the Belarusian Nuclear Power Plant
Lichens play a crucial role in environmental monitoring and assess the impact of industrial emissions. They are sensitive to a wide range of pollutants and reflect air quality and climate change. Lichens allow us to track the dynamics of pollutant accumulation, making them the most sensitive bioindicators of air pollution at the regional level. As part of the biomonitoring system for inorganic pollutants in the emergency protective planning zone of the Belarusian Nuclear Power Plant, tritium levels in the thalli of the corticolous lichen Xanthoria parietina were determined. Thalli sampling was conducted within 16 sample plots established for long-term environmental monitoring, taking into account the occurrence and biomass of Xanthoria parietina in the emergency protective planning zone of the Belarusian Nuclear Power Plant. Tritium content in these samples was analyzed using a Tri-Carb 4810 spectrometer. Studies of tritium content in Xanthoria parietina thalli collected within the emergency protective planning zone of the Belarusian NPP revealed that the specific activity of this radionuclide in all samples was below the detection limit of the liquid scintillation spectrometry method used (20 Bq/kg dry weight). Trace amounts of tritium – 22 Bq/kg – were detected in the single lichen sample. The data obtained indicate that tritium emissions into the atmospheric air in the study area are either absent or below the detection limit of current analytical methods. Tritium activity in the ground-level air during the observation period did not exceed background levels typical for areas not affected by nuclear fuel cycle facilities. The contribution of emissions from the Belarusian NPP to tritium pollution of the atmospheric air is negligible and does not significantly affect the radioecological situation in the region. Continued monitoring studies using sample enrichment methods to detect ultra-low tritium concentrations in environmental samples are recommended.
Radioecology and Radiobiology, Radiation Safety
Risk of malignant neoplasms depending on the absorbed dose in the personnel of the Polessky State Radiation and Ecological
The level and nature of the constant influence of radiation on the body remain unclear. In this regard, an analysis of cancer risk among employees of the Polesie State Radiation-Ecological Reserve was conducted. The aim of the study was to assess the risk of cancer among personnel of the Polesie State Radiation-Ecological Reserve working in radioactively contaminated areas, depending on the absorbed doses of ionising radiation. The study involved 1,838 employees (1,592 men and 246 women) engaged in various roles over the period from 1989 to 2024. The indirect standardisation method was used to assess the risk. Standardised by age, calendar period, sex, and place of residence incidence ratios (SIR) were calculated. The analysis did not indicate an increased risk of cancer among employees. No dose-response relationship was observed between the level of radiation exposure and the risk of malignant neoplasms. However, a statistically significant high risk was noted among employees with a history of exceeding an effective internal dose of 1 mSv. In this group, there was a high risk of gastrointestinal malignancies (SIR=1.9 (1.06-3.24)): oesophagus (SIR= 13.8 (1.67-49.88)), small intestine (SIR= 57.1 (1.45-318.02)), colon (in 2020-2024, SIR= 17.5 (2.12-63.21)). A high risk of malignancies of the renal pelvis (SIR= 20.5 (2.48-73.95)) and the brain (SIR= 4.2 (1.15-10.78)) was also observed among workers who were liquidators of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident. A high risk of stomach and oesophageal cancer was observed in individuals with an average annual effective dose of external radiation exceeding 2.0 mSv, while patients at high risk of renal pelvis cancer had doses in the range of 1.0-1.99 mSv. Thus, it can be concluded that high risks for workers are noted for malignancies of the digestive system and may be associated with the consumption of contaminated food.
Radiation situation in the forest fund territory: radioactive contamination monitoring results
On the territory of the forest fund of the Ministry of Forestry, which was subjected to radioactive contamination as a result of the Chernobyl accident, a set of protective measures is being implemented to comply with the norms and rules for ensuring radiation safety. Forestry activities are regulated taking into account indicators of the radiation situation: the soil contamination density with cesium-137 (137Cs) (hereinafter – contamination density), the gamma radiation dose rate, and the content levels of 137Cs in forest products [1]. The control of radioactive contamination is an integral part of organizational and technical protective measures and provides operational information for making organizational decisions in forestry. Information on radiation situation indicators is constantly updated during radiation surveys of forest fund lands, logging sites, and radiation control of forest products – wood (commercial wood and firewood), wild berries, mushrooms, birch sap, and honey. The results of the radiation survey are used to classify forest blocks into radioactive contamination zones and for conducting logging, provided that normatively clean timber is obtained. Radiation control of forest products is carried out to determine the compliance of the 137Cs radionuclide content with permissible (reference) levels and to define the directions of wood use (round timber, fuel wood). A decrease in the area of radioactive contamination of the forest fund is established annually. In 2025, compared to 2024, the area decreased by 13.8 thousand ha, or by 1.15%; over the past 5 years – by 48.1 thousand ha (3.89%); and over 10 years – by 187.1 thousand ha (13.6%). The area of forests with high contamination density (15 Ci/km² or more) has decreased since 2021 by 14.7 thousand hectares, or by 16.2%. As the contamination density decreases, the gamma radiation dose rate decreases by up to 2.0% per year. According to the results of radiation monitoring of forest products, an excess of permissible levels of 137Cs content in commercial timber is established in up to 2.0% of cases per year, and in forest food products – in up to 40% of cases, with the largest share of samples exceeding the norms found in mushrooms and wild berries. To date, with sufficient reliability, the content levels of 137Cs in wood within forest blocks and taxation units classified as radioactive contamination zones are known. Obtaining information about the 137Cs content in wood for the current period and in the forecast for a given date, including visualization on a map, is provided by the functions of the specialized information system “Radioactive Contamination of Forests ‘RadFor’”. Positive changes in the radiation situation in forests, a significant amount of information on the results of monitoring radioactive contamination of the forest fund and forest products, accumulated experience, and the use of modern data storage and processing technologies can be used to optimize protective measures in the long-term period after the accident.
National approaches and solutions to the organization of the evacuation zone (exclusion) and the Polesie state radiation-ecological reserve in the post-chernobylperiod
The development of the Polesie State Radiation and Ecological Reserve is inextricably linked to the decision to establish an evacuation (exclusion) zone based on the updated radiation situation, determined by the exposure dose rate and the density of radioactive contamination from long-lived radionuclides of Chernobyl origin. This paper summarizes national legal experience in identifying and organizing specialized measures for the maintenance and management of the area most affected by the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant disaster. The stages of the post-Chernobyl period in the development of the area are identified based on the requirements of local regulations. A chronology of state management decisions is provided, taking into account the specific requirements for maintaining the area.
Polesie state radiation and ecological reserve
Application of Cytogenetic Indicators for Bioindicative Assessment of the Environmental Status of Territories Exposed to Radiation
The significance of biological control in the environmental monitoring system is analyzed. A special role is noted in biomonitoring programs for the search and use of bioindicators that allow a reliable assessment of the environmental situ-ation depending on the degree of impact of various anthropogenic factors. It indicates the ability of some species of plants and animals to respond sensitively at the genetic and morphological level to changes that occur, as well as their suitability for assessing various territories. Data are provided on the assessment of the ecological status of territories by cytogenetic test reactions (frequency of aberrations) of the phyto-indicator – onions (Allium cepaL.), cultivated on water extracts of soils of natural and anthropogenically modified territories. It has been shown that the soils of the biosphere reserve have a weak mutagenic effect, where the total frequency of aberrations was in the range from 9 to 13%. Thus, the soils of the territory of the BelNPP environs have a moderate mutagenic effect – the frequency of aberrations ranged from 9 to 17%,and the observed frequency of mitosis disturbances on the soils of the exclusion zone was in the range of 20–29%. It has been established that the degree of soil contamination of the studied ecologically diverse territories determines the direction of the process of mitosis. The nature of the change in bioindicational indicators depending on the elemental composition of soils (in particular, the presence of heavy metals and radionuclides) was revealed. Analysis of the obtained data confirmed the reliability of theAllium-test method for assessing territories and the possibility of its application in the environmental monitoring system. Based on this, 3ecologically unequal clusters were identified, differing in the degree of anthropogenic inﬂuence. The first is the territory with radiation pollution – the Polesie State Radiation-Ecological Reserve (PSRER), the second is the anthropogenically disturbed territory–BelNPP and the third is the reference territory – the Berezinsky Bio-sphere Reserve with aminimum level of pollution.
The Study and Rehabilitation of Ecosystems
Geoinformation modeling of pollution of the territorie with the main dose-forming radionuclides: retrospective, current state (on the example of the Gomel region)
Comprehensive geoinformation modeling of contamination of the territory of the Gomel region with the main dose-forming radionuclides has been performed online based on the integration of archived data from radiometric surveys, geological maps and field measurements. The paper implements methods of spatial interpolation, temporal trend analysis and forecasting based on physico-ecological models of radionuclide migration in soil and plant systems. Spatial interpolation methods were used to reconstruct continuous spatial distributions of radionuclide concentrations (131I, 132Te, 103Ru, 95Nb, 239Np, 99Mo, 106Ru, 140Ba, 141Ce, 144Ce, 95Zr, 137Cs, 90Sr, 238, 239, 240Pu) based on discrete point measurements: inverse weighted distance, kriging with external drift, triangulation Delaunay with linear interpolation. A retrospective analysis of the dynamics of contamination of the territory of the Gomel region with the main dose-forming radionuclides since 1986 has been carried out, stable zones with delayed degradation of activity have been identified, and a forecast of levels of contamination with radionuclides up to 2056 has been constructed. The results showed that 13⁷Cs remains the dominant dose-forming nuclide (more than 85% of the current effective dose), while its activity decreased by an average of 68-72% over 40 years. Forecast for 2056 It indicates a further decrease in activity to 15-25% of current values, however, areas with high pollution density will remain objects of increased radiation control. The resulting cartograms and models can be integrated into radiation monitoring and land-use planning systems.
Socio-economic consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disasterfor the Republic of Belarus
The article presents a methodology and a comprehensive assessment of the socio-economic damage caused to the Republic of Belarus as a result of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The damage calculation method included the use of a system of indicators based on a detailed accounting of a significant number of primary factors that predetermine the magnitude of economic and social losses from radioactive contamination of the territory. Where necessary, the primary parameters of the studied factors, obtained in kind, were converted into cost indicators using the appropriate quantitative dependencies. A comprehensive assessment conducted using the presented methodology showed that the total damage caused to the Republic of Belarus as a result of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, calculated for the period from 1986 to 2015, amounted to USD 235 billion. In the structure of the total damage, the largest share (81.6 %) was accounted for by additional costs of eliminating the consequences of the accident, which amounted to USD 191.7 billion. Direct and indirect losses amounted to approximately USD 30.0 billion, or 12.6 %, while lost profits amounted to USD 13.7 billion, or approximately 6 %. Agriculture suffered the most in the real economy. As a result of the accident, 1,866 thousand hectares of agricultural land were exposed to radioactive contamination. 264,500 hectares of land were withdrawn from circulation. Among the total damage caused by the Chernobyl disaster, a special place is occupied by the assessment of damage associated with changes in human health. Calculations have shown that damage to human health from the emergency radiation dose is equal to USD 288.8 million, from the expected radiation dose during 1986–1990 – USD 64.4 million, and for the entire period under review (1986-2015) – USD 177.5 million.
Improvement of methodological approaches for the determinationof specific and volumetric activities of 90Sr in feeds, food products, animal foods and water
Delivery of scientific and methodological follow-up shall be based on the method’s most recent revised edition, unless its use is deemed unreasonable or impossible. When necessary, additional clarifications should be developed to put it to practice and ensure the method’s consistency. According to GOST ISO/IEC 17025-2019, a number of measurement procedures used in scientific research, monitoring practices and audits are subject to improvement, with subsequent verification and validation. Such are, for instance, the Guidelines for Radiochemical Methods of Determining Radioactivity in Veterinary Facilities, approved by General Veterinary Office, USSR Ministry of Agriculture, of August 24, 1984, Moscow. Existing methodological guidelines and recommended practices require further modernization and upgrade of the basic measurement approaches, as well as validation and verification of data. By establishing and introduction of scientific and organizational basics, technical means, rules and standards, required for laboratory research, one might expect a definitely high economical effect achieved through shifting from outdated procedure to an updated and improved one. The document’s development was preceded by radiochemical analysis sequence revision: the process of radionuclide extraction from raw and concentrated feeds via oxalate procedure. Specified and adjusted are the sequence and scope of operations at preparation and implementation stages, including operational and environmental safety and operators’ qualification requirements. The sequential steps of radiochemical analysis include converting of samples into a solution, isolation of the radionuclide, its radiometry with subsequent statistical processing of the results obtained. The methodological approaches used for the determination of plutonium in soil should take into account both the individual characteristics of samples and the nature of their radioactive contamination. The procedure contains all structural elements in accordance with Gosstandard Decree No. 61 of July 1, 2021, which replaced the existing GOST 8.010-2013 for authoring measurement procedures. The methodology includes the uncertainty assessment developed by us for this analytical method. The methods for determining radionuclides in the environment are used to ensure strict compliance with the safety requirements for foodstuffs, water, and feedstuffs in fee production sectors. As of today, there exist certain regulatory documentation but no methods of how to determine the limit exceedance in the field of radiology, or the methods are outdated or do not have the lawful certification by an authorized metrological agency.
The effect of local irradiation on lung tumor formation in Af mice
Studies of the biological effects of ionizing radiation have recently become actual due to the expansion of the implement of nuclear technologies in a variety of human activities. Especially it important for using of medical imaging when human body is often exposed by low-dose ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation at low doses is the cause of stochastic effects, which are depended on influence by many another factors, such as the genetic predisposition or chemical environmental pollutants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of spontaneous and chemically induced tumor formation in the lungs of Af mice after local X-ray irradiation of the thoracic region. Af mice of both sexes were 3 months old at the start of the study. Animals were irradiated using an X-Rad 320 Precision X-ray Inc. biological X-ray system. Local irradiation of the thoracic region was achieved by shielding with protective plates. Fractionated local irradiation of the thoracic region of Af mice with a total dose of 5 Gy increase the frequency of spontaneous lung tumors. Both the percentage of animals with tumors (up to 48,7% versus 27% in controls) and the number of tumors per mouse (up to 1,24 versus 0,86 in controls) grew up. Neither worsening of general health status nor growth of tumor rates were found after repeated (every two weeks for 9 months) local irradiation by radiography doses. Thus, we concluded that repeated local radiography low-dose irradiation did not affect the rate of spontaneous lung carcinogenesis in Af mice. But in combination with urethane solution repeated irradiation by radiography doses stimulated chemically induced carcinogenesis in the lungs of Af mice: increased in the number and size of tumors.
ESTABLISHMENT AND CALCULATION OF THE AMOUNT OF COMPENSATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE FROM A STATIONARY SOURCE OF EMISSIONS OF POLLUTANTS INTO THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR
In the course of the research, methodical aspects related to the establishment of signs of negative anthropogenic impact of emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air, as well as with the features of calculating the amount of compensation for damage caused to the environment from a stationary source of emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air were determined. A step-by-step algorithm for expert analysis of air pollutant emissions from stationary sources is described. This algorithm allows for a more accurate classification of signs of negative anthropogenic impact on environmental objects (establishing the fact of harm), the correct interpretation of the obtained research results, the presentation of the results of the damage cost assessment, and the formulation of answers to the expert's questions. An example of calculating the amount of damage caused to the environment is considered, taking into account the category of the object impacting the air and the hazard class of the substance released or resulting from the release of the pollutant into the atmosphere
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL BULK DENSITY, ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND POSSIBILITIES OF ECOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS
The article explores the relationship between soil bulk density and electrical conductivity as a tool for ecological diagnostics of structural changes. Soil is a key ecosystem component whose functionality largely depends on its structure, density, and moisture content. Intensive use of heavy agricultural machinery leads to soil compaction, reduced porosity, and structural degradation, which in turn affects water infiltration, gas exchange, and biological activity. Experimental studies were carried out on three soil types of the Kura-Araz lowland: meadow-gray, gray-meadow, and alluvial-meadow soils. Electrical conductivity was measured in the frequency range of 0.4–10 MHz under different moisture levels (10–24 %) and densities (1.1–1.4 g/cm³). The results showed a strong linear relationship between electrical conductivity and soil bulk density, which became more pronounced with increasing moisture content. The highest electrical conductivity values were recorded in alluvial–meadow soils, while the greatest sensitivity to compaction was observed in gray-meadow soils. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships (r = 0.95–0.99), and the regression models demonstrated a coefficient of determination R² > 0.90. These findings confirm that electrical conductivity can be considered an integral indicator of soil condition, reflecting the combined effects of physical and hydrothermal parameters. The application of electrical conductivity provides opportunities for early diagnosis of soil degradation, optimization of agricultural practices, and the development of ecological monitoring systems. Moreover, this methodology can be integrated into precision agriculture and applied in interregional comparisons, offering a reliable scientific basis for sustainable land-use strategies.
RISK FACTORS FOR THE SEVERITY OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS MANIFESTATIONS IN CHILDREN
The aim of this study was to identify possible associations of certain somatic, atopic and environmental factors (obtained from medical history) with the severity of atopic dermatitis (AD) measured by the SCORAD index in children undergoing inpatient and outpatient treatment in Minsk. Using a cross-sectional approach, data from 42 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of AD aged 3 to 18 years were analyzed. In each case, AD severity was assessed by the SCORAD index. AD severity in children was directly associated with a short duration of breastfeeding (one-way ANOVA, p < 0,001), a predisposition to allergic reactions (Student’s t-test, p = 0,022), allergic rhinitis (p < 0,001) and reactions to non‑food allergens (p < 0,001). A moderate correlation was found between the SCORAD index and birth weight in boys (r = −0,46, p = 0,043, n = 19), as well as birth length (r = −0,54, p = 0,016, n = 19). In children with AD, the SCORAD score was directly related to the frequency of certain clinical morphological skin manifestations (erythema, edema, oozing, pruritus, lichenification, scaling) and inversely related to remission duration. Reaction to non‑food allergens or a tendency to pustular eruptions were associated with edematous lesions, oozing at eruption sites, excoriations, skin dryness and scaling. Oozing at eruption sites was associated with the absence of breastfeeding or its short duration. The observed protective role of breastfeeding in reducing AD severity and the worsening of AD manifestations associated with adverse environmental factors (nonfood allergens, pustular infection) suggest the need for individualized control of risk factors during patient follow‑up to optimize treatment and prevent AD exacerbations.
Influence of the Kattakurgan reservoir on soil cover and hydromorphism process
The article determines the state of soil hydromorphism located around the Kattakurgan Reservoir. It is established that changes in the morphological characteristics of the soil, as well as the presence of bog and gley horizons are manifested at different distances and in different directions. According to the research results, soil hydromorphism is not observed on the eastern, southern and western sides of the reservoir. This is due to the fact that these territories are located 60-68 m above sea level compared to the northern part and are not used in agricultural activities. On the northern side, the situation is the opposite: the lands are below sea level relative to the southern, eastern and western parts. The inlet and outlet channels of the reservoir are located here, as well as the collector and drainage system, which does not work efficiently enough. As a result, there is a constant increase in the groundwater level (at a depth of about 82 cm), which contributes to the development of hydromorphism processes. The influence of the reservoir on the soil cover of the northern side is expressed unevenly: the greatest rise in groundwater is recorded in the northwestern part - up to 3-3.5 km from the reservoir. In the northeastern zone, the influence extends up to 2 km, and in the northern - up to 1.7 km.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of the Belarusian State University. Ecology
SEASONAL COURSE OF SURFACE OZONE AND ANTHROPOGENIC AIR POLLUTION IN THE CITIES OF BELARUS IN 2024
Based on observation data from the National Environmental Monitoring System, the levels of anthropogenic air pollution and ground-level ozone in regional cities of Belarus and the Berezina Biosphere Reserve are analyzed, and the features of the seasonal and diurnal course in concentrations in 2023 and 2024, monitored by automatic observation cites of Belhydromet, are studied. The monthly average, long-term average values and average annual concentration values in 2023 and 2024 for each observation point are calculated and compared. It is shown that the observation results differ not only for different cities, but also for different observation points within the same city. The seasonal variation of concentrations also differs in the years under consideration, demonstrating deviations from long-term average monthly concentrations. Cities (measurement points) with the highest and lowest content of O3 and other measurable impurities in 2024 are determined. The dynamics of the content of O3 and other measurable impurities in 2023–2024 for each city (measurement point) is studied. A comparative analysis of the content of CO, NO2, NO and VOCs is carried out for several measurement points in Minsk and Mogilev in 2024. Cities (measurement points) in Belarus with the highest and lowest concentrations of pollutants are identified. The ratio of benzene, toluene, and xylene concentrations to the total VOC concentration is analyzed for each measurement point. A significant increase in the average annual total concentration of VOCs and each of the components for Gomel 14 in 2024 is noted. The degree of variability (consistency) in pollutant concentrations throughout the year is studied for each measurement point. Deviations from the previously described diurnal course of ground-level ozone concentrations and other measured air pollutants in cities (measurement points) of Belarus are determined.
METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS FOR PROJECTIONS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emissions is a key analytical tool for development of National Climate Strategies, updating Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), assessing the effectiveness of climate mitigation measures, and planning socio-economic development. This paper presents the methodological approaches for projections of greenhouse gas emissions in the agricultural sector of the Republic of Belarus up to 2035, developed in the context of predation of the third Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement. Based on international guidelines and national data, three development scenarios were developed. Key scenario assumptions were substantiated, reflecting current trends in livestock production, crop cultivation, and fertilizer application. A list of priority low emission measures was identified, including biogas technologies, precision and organic farming, conservation of degraded peatlands, and optimization of cattle feeding practices. For each measure, specific efficiency indicators (emission reductions per unit of implementation) were calculated, enabling a quantitative assessment of their contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The methodology and results of this study can be used in mapping of climate policy in Belarus.
PHENOMICS – POSTGENOMIC SCIENCE IN AGROECOLOGY
High-throughput digital phenotyping (phenomics) is a revolutionary approach in modern plant physiology, located at the intersection of physiology, genetics, information technology, and agroecology. This methodology enables a comprehensive analysis of the phenotypic characteristics of plants with unprecedented accuracy and objectivity, making it an indispensable tool in modern biological research. The integration of phenomics with advanced technological solutions, including multispectral analysis, hyperspectral imaging, and artificial intelligence, opens new perspectives for studying the mechanisms of plant development and their interactions with the environment. The application of phenomic approaches is particularly important in addressing pressing agroecological challenges aimed at increasing crop productivity and developing stress-resistant plant varieties. Modern phenomic research contributes to the optimization of biological resource use and the development of innovative breeding methods, which is of paramount importance for ensuring food security and sustainable development of the agricultural sector. The introduction of digital phenotyping technologies significantly accelerates the development of new plant varieties with improved characteristics, including increased yield, resistance to adverse environmental factors, and optimal resource utilization. Thus, phenomics serves as a fundamental basis for the development of modern agrobiotechnology, integrating the achievements of various scientific disciplines and providing a comprehensive approach to addressing key plant production challenges in the face of global environmental challenges.
EXPRESSION OF TIM-3 BY IMMUNE CELLS IN MICE WITH AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF THE TUMOR PROCESS
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3) is an inhibitory immune checkpoint that is expressed on immune and tumor cells. However, to date, the dual role of TIM-3 has been shown: on the one hand, the receptor acts as a negative regulator of antitumor immunity and is associated with a lower survival rate in cancer patients, and on the other hand, it may indicate a positive prognosis for certain types of cancer. The study was conducted on A/J mice with an experimental neuroblastoma model. The cellular composition of the secondary organs of the immune system and TIL (tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes), as well as the level of TIM-3 expression, were determined using flow cytometry and monoclonal antibodies. Statistical processing is performed in Statistica 8.0. The secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system (lymph nodes and spleen) were characterized by a predominant (more than 90%) content of lymphocytes, while the remaining cells were identified as granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages in all the studied groups. At the same time, the content of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) increased statistically significantly in the TIL population of mice in the experimental group. In mice with an experimental neuroblastoma model, a decrease in CD3+ T-lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and spleen was found relative to the comparison group (p=0.01) in combination with an increase in CD3+CD4-CD8-T-cells in the lymph nodes (p=0.01). In the experimental group, there was a statistically significant increase in TIM-3 on CD3+T-lymphocytes, mainly on CD3+CD8+T-cells. An inverse relationship was found between the level of TIM-3 expression on CD3+CD8+T-lymphocytes and the amount of TAM (R=-0.70; p=0.02) in lymph nodes, as well as the correlation of TIM-3 expression on CD3+ T-lymphocytes of the spleen and TAM content in mice with neuroblastoma (R=0.90; p=0.001), which may be a potential mechanism of pathological immune tolerance in the formation of the oncological process.
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3
Syntaxonomic diversity of ruderal vegetation along railways in the Minsk region
Railway vegetation is of great interest as a new anthropogenic habitat for grass communities, which spread not only along railway tracks but also along other communication structures. Research in this area is aimed at gaining new knowledge about the diversity and characteristics of plant communities forming along railways, as well as their role in the modern landscape. Studying the vegetation cover of railways will make it possible to predict and regulate the spread of introduced, potentially invasive species, with the subsequent development of measures for monitoring and managing adventitious plant species. The aim of the study was to characterize the syntaxonomic diversity of the ruderal vegetation formed along the railways of the Minsk region. Field studies were conducted between 2021 and 2024 using standard geobotanical methods at 15 key sites. Three habitat groups were identified in the study areas: railway tracks, embankments, and right-of-way strips. The t-SNE method and cluster analysis were used to identify and differentiate plant communities. The ecological and floristic classification of vegetation was performed using the Braun-Blanke method. The analysis revealed that the syntaxonomic diversity of ruderal vegetation along railways in the study area is represented by three classes (Sisymbrietea Gutte et Hilbig 1975, Artemisietea vulgaris Lohmeyer et al. in Tx. ex von Rochow 1951 and Epilobietea angustifolii Tx. et Preising ex von Rochow 1951), three orders, three unions, six associations, and two association variants. The developed system of syntaxa allows determining the ecological characteristics and nature of succession of grass communities in different types of railway habitats. Thus, along the railway tracks, under conditions of high anthropogenic pressure, xerophytic communities of the Linario – Brometum tectorum Knapp 1961 association (ass.) are formed, representing the initial stages of restorative succession. Mesophytic communities of the order Agropyretalia intermedio-repentis T. Müller et Görs 1969 of the class Artemisietea vulgaris (ass. Convolvulo arvensis – Elytrigietum repentis Felföldy 1943, Pastinaco sylvestris – Elytrigietum repentis Ishbirdin in Ishbirdin et al. 1988 and Arrhenathero elatioris – Dactylidetum glomeratae Arepieva 2015) are widespread on embankments and right-of-way strips, representing semi-natural grass phytocenoses. Nitrophytic communities of the class Epilobietea angustifolii (ass. Elytrigio repentis – Aegopodietum podagrariae Tuxen 1967 and Chaerophylletum aromatici Neuhauslova-Novotna et al. 1969) develop on more humid substrates of embankments and right-of-way strips with low environmental disturbance.
ASSESSMENT OF HYDROCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY IN SETTLEMENTS WITH NON-CENTRALIZED WATER SUPPLY IN THE AREA OF A MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILL
The assessment of drinking water quality indicators in the settlements with non-centralized water supply in the areas of potential impact of Gomel landfill was carried out in dynamics. On the basis of quarterly hydrochemical and organoleptic analysis the conformity of drinking water of non-centralized water supply with hygienic safety standards was assessed for 27 indicators. Non-compliance was established for 7 characteristics. Exceedance of MAC of total iron with multiplicity of 2.6-23.6 times in 100 % of samples with maximum content in summer-autumn period was revealed. It is characterized by randomness, weak connection with pollution by other components. Permanganate oxidizability in 44 % of cases exceeded permissible values up to 2.83 times and correlated with the content of total iron in water (r = 0.71). Phosphate content in winter-spring period exceeded MAC 1.3-1.5 times in 50 % of samples. Single samples in summer-autumn period were characterized by exceeding MPC of nitrates up to 1.6 times. The results of seasonal studies of water composition for 2021-2024 revealed the main pollutants of these objects: total iron, nitrates, phosphates, chlorides. A reliable inverse relationship between the content of total iron, sulfates and the distance of sampling objects from the boundaries of the body of the landfill (r = -(0.435-0.88) and r = -0.69, respectively) was established.
hydrochemical and organoleptic indicators
Short-term contamination changes of 137Cs and 90Sr in ecosystems elements of high-ageoakforests in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant exclusion zone
Studies in wood sorrel, goutweed and riverbed–floodplain oak forests in the exclusion zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, it was established that at the current stage of the consequences of the nuclear disaster against the general background of mitigation of the radiation situation, there are significant differences in the directions and rates of short-term changes (from 2018 to 2024) in the indicators of contamination of soils and structural components of 137Cs and 90Sr of the main tiers of plantations. The gamma dose rate and soil contamination with both radionuclides decreased in all types of oak forests, except for the soil of the riverbed–floodplain oak forest, where the 90Sr content increased. Current changes in the parameters of 137Cs and 90Sr contamination of oak tree organs and tissues, undergrowth and understorey plants, parts of phytomass of background species of living ground cover were of different vectors and magnitudes and depended on the plant species, forest type and year of observation. The ranked series of 137Cs and 90Sr transition coefficients into components of oak trees and organs of undergrowth and understorey differed by forest types and years of observation. For oak trees, the transfer of 137Cs and 90Sr to wood was minimal, while the transfer of 137Cs to acorns and leaves was maximal. In 2024, the ranked series of 137Cs transition coefficients was common for all forest types – “wood < bark < roots < branches < acorns < leaves”. The most frequent distribution of undergrowth and understorey organs according to the values of 137Cs transition coefficients in them was the series “trunks < roots < leaves”, 90Sr – “trunks < leaves < roots”. An increase in the specific activity of 90Sr in the aboveground and underground phytomass of May lily was revealed in the series of forest types “riverbed–floodplain oak forest < wood sorrel oak forest < goutweed oak forest”.
Concentration-dependent upregulation of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA by phenobarbital in human peripheral blood lymphocytes
Cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, regulated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway, play a critical role in xenobiotic metabolism and immunotoxicity. While phenobarbital is a known inducer of CYP450 enzymes, its concentration-dependent effects in human lymphocytes remain poorly characterized. Isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from healthy adult donors (n = 20) were exposed to phenobarbital (50 µM or 100 µM) for 5 h. CYP1A1/1B1 mRNA was quantified by qPCR (GAPDH reference; efficiency 90–110 %). A CFSE-based assay was used to assess cell viability at 72 h. Data are mean ± SEM; group differences were tested by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test; correlations by Pearson’s r. Phenobarbital at 50 µM increased CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA (3.42 ± 0.8- and 2.61 ± 0.5-fold vs control; both p < 0.01), whereas 100 µM elicited smaller induction (1.25 ± 0.2- and 1.21 ± 0.1-fold; both p < 0.05 vs control). The CFSE readout was reduced to 62 ± 7.1 % of control at 50 µM (p < 0.01) and was 88 ± 4.3 % at 100 µM (not significant vs control; p < 0.01 vs 50 µM). Induction of CYP1A1/1B1 negatively correlated with the CFSE readout (r = −0.85 and −0.82; both p < 0.001). Phenobarbital was associated with differential CYP1A1/CYP1B1 mRNA upregulation and reduced proliferation at the tested concentrations. These preliminary findings suggest potential concentration-related effects, warranting further mechanistic studies.
Molecular characteristics of five genomes of Buchnera aphidicola – an obligate symbiontof aphids in the fauna of Belarus
This paper presents the results of genome assembly and annotation of the obligate symbiotic bacteria Buchnera aphidicola associated with five aphid species, namely Acyrthosiphon caraganae, Aphis craccivora, Brevicoryne brassicae, Macrosiphum albifrons and Myzus persicae, common in Belarus. These aphid species are pests of food and industrial agricultural plants, and plants that perform an ornamental function, which determines the relevance of studying the bacteria that ensure the viability of insects. The aim of the study was to obtain whole-genome sequences of bacteria and conduct comparative analysis to identify the structural features, degree of genome preservation, and functional deviations that can affect the symbiotic relationship between B. aphidicola and the aphid host. The analysis revealed that the studied B. aphidicola strains have a typical "complete" genome, however, despite the general conservation of genomes, the analysis of orthologs revealed differences in the composition and integrity of a number of genes between the strains. In addition, it was shown that the trpE gene of the B. aphidicola tryptophan plasmid from M. persicae and trpG in the plasmid of the strain from A. craccivora have disturbances in the reading frame, which requires further careful study, since tryptophan synthesis is one of the most important functions of B. aphidicola as an aphid symbiont. In the presence of such a violation, it can be assumed that this function is taken over by one of the secondary symbionts, which is possible given the complementary action of secondary and primary symbionts in the aphid species B. aphidicola, which has a "small" genome. Thus, the study expands the existing understanding of the genomic variability and adaptations of B. aphidicola in various aphid species and emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach to the study of symbiotic systems, including not only genome annotation but also the analysis of potential functional interactions between microbial symbionts, which in the future will allow us to identify the mechanisms of resistance and adaptation of phytophages to various environmental conditions.
Dynamics of accumulation of lead and copper compoundsin the system «bottom sediments – bivalve mollusks»
The content of lead compounds in the bottom sediments of almost all studied aquatic ecosystems in 2019 decreased by 1.1–22.7 times compared to 2010, the copper content ‒ by 1.2–7.6 times. The reason for the decrease in the metal content in the bottom sediments of the studied reservoirs is the decrease in the anthropogenic load on the aquatic ecosystems of the studied territories. A significant decrease in the concentration of lead and copper compounds in the bottom sediments of reservoirs receiving either industrial wastewater or wastewater from the territory of city enterprises was noted. During 2019–2021, the content of lead and copper in the sediments of reservoirs continued to decrease by 1.1–6.5 times due to the transition of metal compounds into mobile forms, which are absorbed by biota or carried away by the current. In 2019, the lead content in the tissues of mollusks decreased by 5.0 times compared to the values obtained in 2010, but then in 2020 and 2021 the lead concentration increased in the same direction. The increase in the lead content in the tissues of mollusks in the period 2019–2021 indicates an increase in the bioavailability of metal forms in bottom sediments, since the lead input into the environment has significantly decreased. The difference in the copper content in the tissues of mollusks in 2010 and 2019 was 12.0 times downward. In 2020, the copper concentration decreased, but in 2021, an increase in the content of this pollutant in the soft tissues of the pearl mussel by 1.5 times was noted. The values of lead and copper accumulation coefficients in bottom sediments in the soft tissues of the pearl mussel varied within 0.01–0.41 and increased from 2019 to 2021. Lead (r= 0.84–0.88) and copper (r= 0.62–0.89) are characterized by a high degree of correlation between the concentration in bottom sediments and the tissues of mollusks.
Radioactive contamination of the territory of Belarus: dynamics, current state and long-term forecas
A comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of changes in the radiation situation in the territory of radioactive contamination as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant has been performed, and a short- and long-term forecast of its changes in the composition and density of radioactive contamination has been given. The information basis of the work was the long-term pollution data of the Republic of 137Cs, 90Sr and 238,239,240Pu obtained as a result of radiation monitoring. In the coming decades (2036 and subsequent) territories belonging to areas of residence with periodic radiation monitoring and with the right to resettlement will account for more than 95% of the entire territory of radioactive contamination. The population will continue to live in these territories. 99.7% of settlements are concentrated here. In the future, there will be a reduction of more than 2.5 settlements in the area with the right to move out and the complete exclusion of settlements in the area of subsequent resettlement. There will be a significant and regular reduction in the areas of subsequent resettlement and with the right to move out. 4. According to the forecast, by 2036, out of 44 administrative districts, radionuclide contamination of the territory of 32 districts will be determined by 137Cs, 3 districts – 137Cs and 90Sr, and the territories of 9 districts – 137Cs, 90Sr and 238-240Pu. In 2046, the territories of 28 districts will be contaminated with 137Cs, 2 districts – 137Cs and 90Sr, and the territories of 9 districts – 137Cs, 90Sr, and 238-240Pu.
Assessment of the main sources of green-house gas emissions in the Waste sector in the Republic of Belarus
The article presents an assessment of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions in the «Waste» sector in the Republic of Belarus in the context of global climate change and its impact on the environment. The relevance of this study is determined by the growing problems associated with waste management, as well as the necessity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to achieve climate goals established by international agreements. From 1989 to 2019, the average annual temperature in the country increased by 1.3°C. Predictions from Belarusian scientists forecast a further temperature rise of 1–5°C by the end of the century. Belarus, as a party to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement, has committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 28% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. The “Waste” sector is a significant source of greenhouse gases, related to the processes of disposal, recycling,and landfilling of large volumes of waste generated by human activities. It has been established that the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions in this sector are solid municipal waste landfills and wastewater treatment facilities. This sector accounts for 32.76% of the total national methane (CH4) emissions and 4.17% of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The total volume of greenhouse gas emissions in the «Waste» sector in 2020 amounted to 5,829.72 Gg in CO2-equivalent, which constitutes 6.56% of the total emissions in the country. The results obtained highlight the importance of developing effective waste management strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and minimize their impact on the climate system.
Chemical mechanisms of nitrite formation and chemical aspects of pollution
The present article provides the results of comprehensive field observations and laboratory analyses aimed at a detailed study and identification of the patterns of chemical mechanisms of nitrite formation in the waters of the Araz River. These processes develop under the influence of various sources of anthropogenic pollution, including industrial and agricultural effluents, and are accompanied by significant changes in the hydrochemical composition of the aquatic environment, reflected in the concentrations of major ions, redox potential, and thermal characteristics of the river. The studies were conducted in different seasons of the year at three key sites -in the Sadarak, Ordubad, and Beylagan districts - which made it possible to assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of pollution.Sampling was carried out in compliance with GOST/AZS standards, and chemical analysis was performed using spectrophotometric, titrimetric, and ion-exchange methods. Concentrations of nitrites, nitrates, chlorides, and other inorganic substances were determined, as well as redox potential (ORP) values. The results showed that the highest concentrations of nitrites (0.145 mg/L), nitrates (12.8 mg/L), and chlorides (238 mg/L) were recorded in the Sadarak district, which is associated with high water mineralization and active chlorine oxidation processes. In the Ordubad district, concentrations were minimal due to dilution of river water by tributaries and partial adsorption of ions onto sediments. In the Beylagan district, a repeated increase in nitrite content (up to 0.132 mg/L) was noted, probably due to the inflow of polluted transboundary tributaries.Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships between nitrite and chloride content (r = 0.78, p < 0.05), as well as between nitrites and nitrates (r = 0.72, p < 0.05). The mechanisms of formation include the interaction of nitrogen oxides with water and the formation of intermediate chlorine-nitrogen compounds followed by hydrolysis. The scientific novelty of the study lies in establishing a direct relationship between mineralization and nitrite accumulation under transboundary impact conditions. The practical significance consists in substantiating measures to reduce the chloride–nitrate load on the upper reaches of the river, including the modernization of treatment facilities and the tightening of control over discharges.
Content of exogenous and endogenous brassinosteroids in bulbous crops of the genera Tulipa and Hyacinthus
Bulbous plants occupy one of the leading positions among the vast diversity of herbaceous perennials. This group includes spring-flowering crops such as tulips and hyacinths. They are united by the presence of an underground storage organ – the bulb – and by the similarity of their life cycle, although they belong to different families: tulips are the brightest representatives of the Liliaceae L. family, while hyacinths belong to the Hyacinthaceae L. family. Phytohormones are the most important representatives of the endogenous regulatory system. Their distinctive feature is the ability to act in very small doses, serving as regulators of key physiological processes (cell division and growth, dormancy, stomatal regulation, etc.) [1]. The use of biologically active substances in floriculture allows for a fuller realization of the potential capabilities of plants by regulating such important processes as root formation and growth, stem and leaf development, transition to flowering, duration of flowering, as well as by reducing the damaging effects of adverse environmental factors. It has been established that treatment of various ornamental-flowering crops with concentrations of 0.00025% (epibrassinolide) and 0.000375% (homobrassinolide) per liter of aqueous solution results in a noticeable growth-promoting and adaptogenic effect, leading to extended flowering periods, improved product quality, and enhanced plant resistance to unfavorable conditions and diseases. It is also known that some synthetic analogs of brassinosteroids exhibit significant biological activity comparable to that of natural brassinosteroids [2]. These factors determine the scientific and practical interest in the synthesis and study of brassinosteroid derivatives, as well as in the development of convenient, highly sensitive, and rapid methods of their analysis. For the first time in Belarus, we studied the influence of brassinosteroids on the morphometric parameters of 22 tulip cultivars and 10 hyacinth cultivars. The article presents the results of enzyme immunoassay analysis of endogenous brassinosteroid content in the organs of plants of the genera Tulipa L. and Hyacinthus L. Determination of endogenous brassinosteroid levels in the vegetative and generative organs of bulbous plants showed that the amount of hormones in bulbs and shoots exceeds their content in flowers by dozens of times.
Species composition and year-on-year dynamics of guilds of stinging Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) – visitors of invasive goldenrods (Solidago) inflorescences in the conditions of Minsk upland
According to the data obtained from studies of the taxonomic composition of stinging Hymenoptera visiting inflorescences in the Minsk upland region, 122 species of Hymenoptera belonging to 11 families and 4 superfamilies were identified across 16 invasive goldenrod sites. Among them are 25 species of Apidae, 23 species of Vespidae, 22 species of Crabronidae, 21 species of Halictidae, 14 species of Colletidae, 5 species of Andrenidae, 4 species of Chrysididae, 3 species of Megachilidae, 3 species of Sphecidae, 1 species of Scoliidae and 1 species of Melittidae. The families Apidae, Halictidae (Apoidea: Apiformes), Crabronidae (Apoidea: Spheciformes) and Vespidae (Vespoidea) were most abundantly represented in the studied guilds. Using a five-point logarithmic scale limited from the upper bound, the abundance of insect species observed during the study was estimated, with species ranked into 5 relative abundance groups. Among the 122 species, 1 species is considered dominant, 6 are numerous, 13 are common, 16 are small-numbered, and 86 are singular. The most common species for the studied goldenrod habitats included the wasps Philanthus triangulum (Fabricius, 1775), Polistes dominula (Christ, 1791), Vespula germanica Fabricius, 1793 and bees Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758, Bombus lapidarius Linnaeus, 1758, Bombus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758). The year-on-year dynamics and interannual differences in the guild structure were analyzed based on materials collected over the entire research period at a single site characterized by an extensive coverage of goldenrods (the vicinity of the Myshka River, Minsk). The highest values of species richness and relative abundance from year to year were registered for sand (Crabronidae) and social (Vespidae) wasps, as well as bees (Apidae). At the same time, there was a gradual decrease in the abundance of sand wasps, an increase in the abundance of social wasps and a slight decrease in the abundance of bees. Shannon index values were relatively high for samples collected in 2023–2024, indicating a relatively balanced community with significant species diversity.