Journal of the Belarusian State University. Ecology
Phytocenoses of grasses of non-floodplain meadows as vegetative filters for minimizing nitrogen pollution of water bodies: potential use
This article presents the results of an assessment of the phytoextraction capacity of grass communities in non-floodplain meadows within the design of buffer strips used to minimize nitrogen pollution of aquatic ecosystems. The scientific novelty of this study lies in establishing the phytoextraction capacity of grass communities for nitrogen, as well as their impact on the potential for reducing the critical load of eutrophication. Natural phytocenoses are represented by 312 grass associations growing in five plant formations (meadow heathlands (MH), normal dry meadows (NDM), dry temporarily excessively wet meadows (DTEWM), swampy meadows (SM), and peat meadows (PM)). Biological accumulation of the element in the aboveground phytomass of plant associations varies from 50.3 ± 17.1 kg/ha (DTEWM) to 56.4 ± 23.9 kg/ha (NDM). Meadow heathland grass communities have a minimum nitrogen accumulation level of 5.2 ± 2.5 kg/ha. No significant differences in nitrogen accumulation levels were found among the plant communities (NDM, DTEWM, SM, and PM). Within the NDM and SM plant communities, significant differences in the levels of biological accumulation of the element were found among the grass communities. In the plant formations NDM, DTEWM, SM, PM, the nitrogen accumulation capacity of natural meadow phytocenoses is inferior to the accumulation capacity of white willow by 43.2–49.6 %; in the MH formation – 94.8 %. In two grass associations, the phytoextraction capacity significantly exceeds the accumulating capacity of willow. The four grass associations have comparable accumulation capacity values. Meadow heathland phytocenoses have the lowest specific potential for reducing the critical load for eutrophication (0.012·10⁻²–0.033·10⁻² eq. kg PO₄³⁻/m²). Other plant formations have a more significant specific potential, averaging 0.187·10⁻² eq. kg PO₄³⁻/m², ranging from 0.053·10⁻² to 0.528·10⁻² eq. kg PO₄³⁻/m². The research results may be useful in transforming natural landscapes, as well as implementing design solutions related to the design of artificial landscapes used to improve the quality of natural waters and maximize future ecosystem services.
The Study and Rehabilitation of Ecosystems
phytocenoses of grasses of watershed meadows
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of the Belarusian State University. Ecology
The results of radiation-hygienic monitoring of milk and potatoes producedin local farms in radioactive contaminated zones
The estimation of 137Cs and 90Sr specific activity levels in food personal households that the most consumed of rural belorusian population (milk and potatoes) on the radioactive contamination zones of the Gomel, Mogilev, Brest regions of the Republic of Belarus in 2013–2025 have been done. The radiation-hygienic monitoring in personal household results of state sanitary supervision data have been used for analysis in the article. The reference levels of 137Cs and 90Sr in food were exceed only in 2013–2022 in few samples of potatoes and milk from some settlements (1–10 settlements annually) only in the Bragin, Dobrush, Chechersk, Khoiniki and Narovlya districts of Gomel region and Belynichi and Krasnopolye districts of Mogilev region. Since 2023 the reference levels of 137Cs and 90Sr in milk and potatoes were not exceed but in some samples of vegetables and berries in the Gomel region the excesses of reference levels have been registered in 28 samples: 137Cs – in 2 samples of greens and 2 samples of strawberries from 2 settlements; 90Sr – in 24 samples of carrots and beets from 10 settlements. The number of settlements and samples in which the 137Cs and 90Sr reference levels were exceed and specific activity of 137Cs and 90Sr in milk and potatoes (average, maximum, 75th percentile) from personal household in 2018–2022 heave been assessed. The 75th percentile of the 137Cs specific activity in the most regions of the Republic of Belarus were: milk – up to 15 Bq/kg, potatoes – up to 20 Bq/kg, as well as 90Sr: milk – up to 2 Bq/kg, potatoes – up to 1.5 Bq/kg. On the modern stage after the Chernobyl accident the radiological situation for last 10 years is stable, dynamic of the average specific activity of 137Cs and 90Sr levels in local food were unchanging, the current reference levels of 137Cs and 90Sr specific activity in milk were exceed only in some cases which does not depend on the radioactive contamination density of the settlements and depend on the peculiarities of personal household management and the geochemical characteristics of the soils.
Prospects of using somatic hybridization to expand the genetic diversityof cultivated plants and fungi
This review examines the fundamental and applied aspects of research in the field of cell technologies, which enable the creation of new plant forms with desired properties, thereby accelerating the breeding process by 2-4 times. Effective use of the genetic diversity inherent in agricultural plants and their wild relatives, as well as the development of disease resistance through somatic hybridization and/or molecular biology methods, leads to the production of crops with improved properties and makes a significant contribution to food and environmental security. Therefore, the importance of incorporating cell technologies, and in particular somatic hybridization, into breeding programs is growing. This allows for the accelerated development of source material and new varieties or hybrids by combining traditional breeding methods with cell technologies. Despite the progress made, this area of research remains challenging. The lack of standardized, efficient, and reproducible in vitro cell hybridization protocols often hinders their practical use. Another important modern trend in biotechnology is enhancing the biological potential of entomopathogenic fungi, which are used for biological plant protection against insect pests, as well as antagonist fungi for plant protection against phytopathogens. Improvements in somatic hybridization, based on protoplast fusion, have made it possible to develop new fungal strains with unique properties, expanding the spectrum of action of biopreparations, increasing the biological efficacy of beneficial fungal strains, and enhancing their resistance to environmental factors. The global scientific literature has already noted certain successes in this area, and the scientific foundations for obtaining valuable interspecific hybrids of plants and fungi have been created, which is a starting point for the development of similar research in the Republic of Belarus.
Radiobiological consequences of iodine deficiency in the population of Belarus during the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster: incidence of thyroid diseases forty years later
Several years before the Chernobyl disaster, funding for the iodine prophylaxis program in Belarus was halted. As a result of the existing iodine deficiency, over 25,000 cases of thyroid cancer were registered in children in the decades following the disaster. In 1999, a large-scale study assessing iodine status using modern analytical methods found that 80 % of children showed signs of mild or moderate iodine deficiency, with urinary iodine excretion levels of 45 μg/L (with a target level of 100–150 μg/L). Subsequent iodine deficiency prevention in the Belarusian population, initiated in 2000 following the adoption of the regulatory document of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus «On the Prevention of Iodine Deficiency Disorders», resulted in a significant increase in the median urinary iodine excretion in children (over 100 μg/L) in 2003, thereby eliminating iodine deficiency and significantly reducing the incidence of simple goiter among the country's children. In 2010, the Republic of Belarus was removed from the list of countries with iodine deficiency. At the same time, over the past twenty years, a significant increase in the incidence of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) has been observed among children in the Brest and Grodno regions, and an increase of the incidence of thyroid cancer has been observed in the Brest and others regions. These changes in thyroid disease rates in the context of long-term iodine deficiency prevention are unusual, given the presence of iodine deficiency in the population at the time of the Chernobyl disaster, which contributed to the entry and accumulation of iodine radionuclides in the body and was the cause of the radiological consequences of iodine deficiency in the population of the republic. The article puts forward a hypothesis that exposure to iodine radionuclides is responsible for the development of radiation-induced genomic instability syndrome in thyroid cells.
goiter and autoimmune thyroiditis incidence
Current contamination changes of 137Cs and 90Sr in black alder forests elements in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant exclusion zone
In the Chernobyl nuclear power plant exclusion zone for the period 2019–2025, current changes in the accumulation of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr by the organs and tissues of plants of the main elements (stand, undergrowth and understory, background species of living ground cover) of high-age phytocenoses of black alder, goutweed, fern and sedge forest types were studied. Over the past 6 years, the current radiation situation in black alder plantations has improved significantly. The density of ¹³⁷Cs soil contamination in 2019 was 364.3–655.8 kBq m⁻², in 2025 – 323.9–496.8 kBq m⁻², ⁹⁰Sr – 88.9–219.9 and 76.4–130.1 kBq m⁻², respectively. During this period, the γ-radiation dose rate decreased annually by 3.4–6.3 %, the specific activity of ¹³⁷Cs in 20 cm soil layers – by 3.1–5.5 %, ⁹⁰Sr – by 0.6–9.9 %, the density of soil contamination in most plantations of ¹³⁷Cs – by 1.6–4.0 %, ⁹⁰Sr – 2.3–6.8 %. In some plantations, the density of soil contamination in most plantations of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr soils increased. Changes in the indicators of current soil contamination are due to the peculiarities of the hydrological regimes of soils in different types of forests under the influence of weather and climatic conditions and the behavior of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr in them. In 2019–2025, the specific activity of ¹³⁷Cs in the structural components of black alder trees was at the level of 0.66–9.67 kBq kg⁻¹, ⁹⁰Sr – 0.07–2.57 kBq kg⁻¹, the transfer coefficients of ¹³⁷Cs to its organs and tissues were (2.0–27.2)×10⁻³ m² kg⁻¹, ⁹⁰Sr – (0.7–13.2)×10⁻³ m² kg⁻¹, ¹³⁷Cs in the organs of plants of undergrowth and understory – (3.1–37.5)×10⁻³ m² kg⁻¹, ⁹⁰Sr – (2.0–27.9)×10⁻³ m² kg⁻¹. During the analyzed time, the indicators of contamination of plant parts with these radionuclides in the elements of black alder phytocenoses changed at different rates and in different directions, varying by year, type of forest and among themselves within the observation stages. In total, in all plants of all types of forest, the ¹³⁷Cs transition coefficients decreased in 50.6 % of the organs and tissues, ⁹⁰Sr – in 30.3 %. The average ranked rows of parts of black alder trees by their contamination are ¹³⁷Cs (wood < bark < branches < leaves < roots) and ⁹⁰Sr (wood < branches < roots < leaves < bark), the most frequent distributions of organs of undergrowth and understory (stems < roots < leaves); ranked rows of species of undergrowth and understory and rows background species of living ground cover by the transition coefficients of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr to their organs or parts of the phytomass. The different levels and vectors of radionuclide transfer to plant organs and tissues are determined by edaphic and weather-climatic conditions, the specifics of their deposition by different plant species.
Radioecology and Radiobiology, Radiation Safety
Chernobyl nuclear power plant exclusion zone
Formation and Development of the System of Informing the Population of Belarus after the Chernobyl Disaster
The dynamics of the development of the public information system in the Republic of Belarus after the Chernobyl accident is analyzed. It is noted that underestimating information efforts in the early years had serious consequences. Thus, the secrecy regime and the lack of reliable information created the basis for panic, Chernobyl myths, and led to the emergence of radiophobia. The transition to a systemic information system was implemented in the early 2000s. The «Concept for Informing the Public and Government Bodies on the Problems of the Chernobyl Disaster» was developed. Information efforts were further developed within the framework of the State Program for Overcoming the Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Disaster for 2006–2010 and the Program for Joint Activity of Belarus and Russia in Overcoming the Consequences of the Chernobyl Disaster for the same period. The national structure for coordinating information efforts was created – the Belarusian Branch of the Russian-Belarusian Information Center on the Consequences of the Chernobyl NPP Disaster. The State Program for Mitigating the Consequences of the Chernobyl NPP Disaster for 2011–2015 and for the Period up to 2020 includes a separate section entitled «Improving information efforts». Comprehensive Information Support System for Mitigating the Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Disaster was developed. The Program for Joint Activity of Belarus and Russia in Overcoming the Consequences of the Chernobyl Disaster for the Period up to 2016 made a significant contribution to the development of information efforts. A number of innovative projects have been implemented. Currently, radiation protection is gradually losing its priority over other areas – social, economic, and psychological. The emphasis is shifting towards the social rehabilitation policies and the development of social engagement among citizens.
Social and Environmental Problems of Sustainable Development
Ecological and geochemical state of floodplain soils under technogenic load: a spatiotemporal assessment
The studies carried out have established that each river system has an individual set of elements that accumulate in the soils, which is determined by its location, physical and chemical properties of the soils and the degree of technogenic impact on the river floodplain. Within the urban area, the maximum accumulation of pollutants is typical for soils in floodplain areas located in the center and below the city, as well as in areas of local pollution sources. When soils are polluted, the actual content of migratory active forms of metals increases and their share of total concentrations increases, reaching 70–90 %. Facies differences in the accumulation of elements depend on the structural features and formation of the structural elements of the floodplain of a particular river. When heavy metals enter water-stream genesis, the maximum levels of their accumulation are recorded in the soils of the riverine floodplain; when they enter with surface runoff and aerial fallout, in the soils of the central and near-terrace floodplains. At the same time, the criteria for assessing the ecologico-geochemical state of soils have their own specifics, due to the functional use of floodplain areas.
Functional diversity and its assessment in insect synecologystudies using the R statistical environment
Species diversity, although currently a widely used indicator of biodiversity, does not always reﬂect the overall state and functioning of ecosystems. Analysis of the functional diversity of communities based on species traits is increasingly used to establish relationships between the functions of organisms at the ecosystem level and to identify mechanisms of biotic responses to environmental change. Measuring functional diversity is a complex task, as most methods for calculating it are based on the R statistical environment, which requires programming skills. Using results of studies of ground beetle assemblages in several types of pine forests, we demonstrate the steps for assessing functional diversity in the R statistical environment. Programming code accessible to novice researchers is provided. A protocol for assessing functional diversity is discussed in detail. This protocol includes calculating community-weighted means (CWM) for species traits, calculating functional diversity indices (functional richness (FRic), evenness (FEve), divergence (FDiv), and Rao’s Q), as well as performing multivariate RLQ and fourth-corner analyses. The use of relevant packages, including FD and ade4, is justified.
Tritium content in lichens in the emergency protective action planning zone of the Belarusian Nuclear Power Plant
Lichens play a crucial role in environmental monitoring and assess the impact of industrial emissions. They are sensitive to a wide range of pollutants and reflect air quality and climate change. Lichens allow us to track the dynamics of pollutant accumulation, making them the most sensitive bioindicators of air pollution at the regional level. As part of the biomonitoring system for inorganic pollutants in the emergency protective planning zone of the Belarusian Nuclear Power Plant, tritium levels in the thalli of the corticolous lichen Xanthoria parietina were determined. Thalli sampling was conducted within 16 sample plots established for long-term environmental monitoring, taking into account the occurrence and biomass of Xanthoria parietina in the emergency protective planning zone of the Belarusian Nuclear Power Plant. Tritium content in these samples was analyzed using a Tri-Carb 4810 spectrometer. Studies of tritium content in Xanthoria parietina thalli collected within the emergency protective planning zone of the Belarusian NPP revealed that the specific activity of this radionuclide in all samples was below the detection limit of the liquid scintillation spectrometry method used (20 Bq/kg dry weight). Trace amounts of tritium – 22 Bq/kg – were detected in the single lichen sample. The data obtained indicate that tritium emissions into the atmospheric air in the study area are either absent or below the detection limit of current analytical methods. Tritium activity in the ground-level air during the observation period did not exceed background levels typical for areas not affected by nuclear fuel cycle facilities. The contribution of emissions from the Belarusian NPP to tritium pollution of the atmospheric air is negligible and does not significantly affect the radioecological situation in the region. Continued monitoring studies using sample enrichment methods to detect ultra-low tritium concentrations in environmental samples are recommended.
Risk of malignant neoplasms depending on the absorbed dose in the personnel of the Polessky State Radiation and Ecological
The level and nature of the constant influence of radiation on the body remain unclear. In this regard, an analysis of cancer risk among employees of the Polesie State Radiation-Ecological Reserve was conducted. The aim of the study was to assess the risk of cancer among personnel of the Polesie State Radiation-Ecological Reserve working in radioactively contaminated areas, depending on the absorbed doses of ionising radiation. The study involved 1,838 employees (1,592 men and 246 women) engaged in various roles over the period from 1989 to 2024. The indirect standardisation method was used to assess the risk. Standardised by age, calendar period, sex, and place of residence incidence ratios (SIR) were calculated. The analysis did not indicate an increased risk of cancer among employees. No dose-response relationship was observed between the level of radiation exposure and the risk of malignant neoplasms. However, a statistically significant high risk was noted among employees with a history of exceeding an effective internal dose of 1 mSv. In this group, there was a high risk of gastrointestinal malignancies (SIR=1.9 (1.06-3.24)): oesophagus (SIR= 13.8 (1.67-49.88)), small intestine (SIR= 57.1 (1.45-318.02)), colon (in 2020-2024, SIR= 17.5 (2.12-63.21)). A high risk of malignancies of the renal pelvis (SIR= 20.5 (2.48-73.95)) and the brain (SIR= 4.2 (1.15-10.78)) was also observed among workers who were liquidators of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident. A high risk of stomach and oesophageal cancer was observed in individuals with an average annual effective dose of external radiation exceeding 2.0 mSv, while patients at high risk of renal pelvis cancer had doses in the range of 1.0-1.99 mSv. Thus, it can be concluded that high risks for workers are noted for malignancies of the digestive system and may be associated with the consumption of contaminated food.
Radiation situation in the forest fund territory: radioactive contamination monitoring results
On the territory of the forest fund of the Ministry of Forestry, which was subjected to radioactive contamination as a result of the Chernobyl accident, a set of protective measures is being implemented to comply with the norms and rules for ensuring radiation safety. Forestry activities are regulated taking into account indicators of the radiation situation: the soil contamination density with cesium-137 (137Cs) (hereinafter – contamination density), the gamma radiation dose rate, and the content levels of 137Cs in forest products [1]. The control of radioactive contamination is an integral part of organizational and technical protective measures and provides operational information for making organizational decisions in forestry. Information on radiation situation indicators is constantly updated during radiation surveys of forest fund lands, logging sites, and radiation control of forest products – wood (commercial wood and firewood), wild berries, mushrooms, birch sap, and honey. The results of the radiation survey are used to classify forest blocks into radioactive contamination zones and for conducting logging, provided that normatively clean timber is obtained. Radiation control of forest products is carried out to determine the compliance of the 137Cs radionuclide content with permissible (reference) levels and to define the directions of wood use (round timber, fuel wood). A decrease in the area of radioactive contamination of the forest fund is established annually. In 2025, compared to 2024, the area decreased by 13.8 thousand ha, or by 1.15%; over the past 5 years – by 48.1 thousand ha (3.89%); and over 10 years – by 187.1 thousand ha (13.6%). The area of forests with high contamination density (15 Ci/km² or more) has decreased since 2021 by 14.7 thousand hectares, or by 16.2%. As the contamination density decreases, the gamma radiation dose rate decreases by up to 2.0% per year. According to the results of radiation monitoring of forest products, an excess of permissible levels of 137Cs content in commercial timber is established in up to 2.0% of cases per year, and in forest food products – in up to 40% of cases, with the largest share of samples exceeding the norms found in mushrooms and wild berries. To date, with sufficient reliability, the content levels of 137Cs in wood within forest blocks and taxation units classified as radioactive contamination zones are known. Obtaining information about the 137Cs content in wood for the current period and in the forecast for a given date, including visualization on a map, is provided by the functions of the specialized information system “Radioactive Contamination of Forests ‘RadFor’”. Positive changes in the radiation situation in forests, a significant amount of information on the results of monitoring radioactive contamination of the forest fund and forest products, accumulated experience, and the use of modern data storage and processing technologies can be used to optimize protective measures in the long-term period after the accident.
National approaches and solutions to the organization of the evacuation zone (exclusion) and the Polesie state radiation-ecological reserve in the post-chernobylperiod
The development of the Polesie State Radiation and Ecological Reserve is inextricably linked to the decision to establish an evacuation (exclusion) zone based on the updated radiation situation, determined by the exposure dose rate and the density of radioactive contamination from long-lived radionuclides of Chernobyl origin. This paper summarizes national legal experience in identifying and organizing specialized measures for the maintenance and management of the area most affected by the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant disaster. The stages of the post-Chernobyl period in the development of the area are identified based on the requirements of local regulations. A chronology of state management decisions is provided, taking into account the specific requirements for maintaining the area.
Polesie state radiation and ecological reserve
Application of Cytogenetic Indicators for Bioindicative Assessment of the Environmental Status of Territories Exposed to Radiation
The significance of biological control in the environmental monitoring system is analyzed. A special role is noted in biomonitoring programs for the search and use of bioindicators that allow a reliable assessment of the environmental situ-ation depending on the degree of impact of various anthropogenic factors. It indicates the ability of some species of plants and animals to respond sensitively at the genetic and morphological level to changes that occur, as well as their suitability for assessing various territories. Data are provided on the assessment of the ecological status of territories by cytogenetic test reactions (frequency of aberrations) of the phyto-indicator – onions (Allium cepaL.), cultivated on water extracts of soils of natural and anthropogenically modified territories. It has been shown that the soils of the biosphere reserve have a weak mutagenic effect, where the total frequency of aberrations was in the range from 9 to 13%. Thus, the soils of the territory of the BelNPP environs have a moderate mutagenic effect – the frequency of aberrations ranged from 9 to 17%,and the observed frequency of mitosis disturbances on the soils of the exclusion zone was in the range of 20–29%. It has been established that the degree of soil contamination of the studied ecologically diverse territories determines the direction of the process of mitosis. The nature of the change in bioindicational indicators depending on the elemental composition of soils (in particular, the presence of heavy metals and radionuclides) was revealed. Analysis of the obtained data confirmed the reliability of theAllium-test method for assessing territories and the possibility of its application in the environmental monitoring system. Based on this, 3ecologically unequal clusters were identified, differing in the degree of anthropogenic inﬂuence. The first is the territory with radiation pollution – the Polesie State Radiation-Ecological Reserve (PSRER), the second is the anthropogenically disturbed territory–BelNPP and the third is the reference territory – the Berezinsky Bio-sphere Reserve with aminimum level of pollution.
Geoinformation modeling of pollution of the territorie with the main dose-forming radionuclides: retrospective, current state (on the example of the Gomel region)
Comprehensive geoinformation modeling of contamination of the territory of the Gomel region with the main dose-forming radionuclides has been performed online based on the integration of archived data from radiometric surveys, geological maps and field measurements. The paper implements methods of spatial interpolation, temporal trend analysis and forecasting based on physico-ecological models of radionuclide migration in soil and plant systems. Spatial interpolation methods were used to reconstruct continuous spatial distributions of radionuclide concentrations (131I, 132Te, 103Ru, 95Nb, 239Np, 99Mo, 106Ru, 140Ba, 141Ce, 144Ce, 95Zr, 137Cs, 90Sr, 238, 239, 240Pu) based on discrete point measurements: inverse weighted distance, kriging with external drift, triangulation Delaunay with linear interpolation. A retrospective analysis of the dynamics of contamination of the territory of the Gomel region with the main dose-forming radionuclides since 1986 has been carried out, stable zones with delayed degradation of activity have been identified, and a forecast of levels of contamination with radionuclides up to 2056 has been constructed. The results showed that 13⁷Cs remains the dominant dose-forming nuclide (more than 85% of the current effective dose), while its activity decreased by an average of 68-72% over 40 years. Forecast for 2056 It indicates a further decrease in activity to 15-25% of current values, however, areas with high pollution density will remain objects of increased radiation control. The resulting cartograms and models can be integrated into radiation monitoring and land-use planning systems.
Socio-economic consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disasterfor the Republic of Belarus
The article presents a methodology and a comprehensive assessment of the socio-economic damage caused to the Republic of Belarus as a result of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The damage calculation method included the use of a system of indicators based on a detailed accounting of a significant number of primary factors that predetermine the magnitude of economic and social losses from radioactive contamination of the territory. Where necessary, the primary parameters of the studied factors, obtained in kind, were converted into cost indicators using the appropriate quantitative dependencies. A comprehensive assessment conducted using the presented methodology showed that the total damage caused to the Republic of Belarus as a result of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, calculated for the period from 1986 to 2015, amounted to USD 235 billion. In the structure of the total damage, the largest share (81.6 %) was accounted for by additional costs of eliminating the consequences of the accident, which amounted to USD 191.7 billion. Direct and indirect losses amounted to approximately USD 30.0 billion, or 12.6 %, while lost profits amounted to USD 13.7 billion, or approximately 6 %. Agriculture suffered the most in the real economy. As a result of the accident, 1,866 thousand hectares of agricultural land were exposed to radioactive contamination. 264,500 hectares of land were withdrawn from circulation. Among the total damage caused by the Chernobyl disaster, a special place is occupied by the assessment of damage associated with changes in human health. Calculations have shown that damage to human health from the emergency radiation dose is equal to USD 288.8 million, from the expected radiation dose during 1986–1990 – USD 64.4 million, and for the entire period under review (1986-2015) – USD 177.5 million.
Improvement of methodological approaches for the determinationof specific and volumetric activities of 90Sr in feeds, food products, animal foods and water
Delivery of scientific and methodological follow-up shall be based on the method’s most recent revised edition, unless its use is deemed unreasonable or impossible. When necessary, additional clarifications should be developed to put it to practice and ensure the method’s consistency. According to GOST ISO/IEC 17025-2019, a number of measurement procedures used in scientific research, monitoring practices and audits are subject to improvement, with subsequent verification and validation. Such are, for instance, the Guidelines for Radiochemical Methods of Determining Radioactivity in Veterinary Facilities, approved by General Veterinary Office, USSR Ministry of Agriculture, of August 24, 1984, Moscow. Existing methodological guidelines and recommended practices require further modernization and upgrade of the basic measurement approaches, as well as validation and verification of data. By establishing and introduction of scientific and organizational basics, technical means, rules and standards, required for laboratory research, one might expect a definitely high economical effect achieved through shifting from outdated procedure to an updated and improved one. The document’s development was preceded by radiochemical analysis sequence revision: the process of radionuclide extraction from raw and concentrated feeds via oxalate procedure. Specified and adjusted are the sequence and scope of operations at preparation and implementation stages, including operational and environmental safety and operators’ qualification requirements. The sequential steps of radiochemical analysis include converting of samples into a solution, isolation of the radionuclide, its radiometry with subsequent statistical processing of the results obtained. The methodological approaches used for the determination of plutonium in soil should take into account both the individual characteristics of samples and the nature of their radioactive contamination. The procedure contains all structural elements in accordance with Gosstandard Decree No. 61 of July 1, 2021, which replaced the existing GOST 8.010-2013 for authoring measurement procedures. The methodology includes the uncertainty assessment developed by us for this analytical method. The methods for determining radionuclides in the environment are used to ensure strict compliance with the safety requirements for foodstuffs, water, and feedstuffs in fee production sectors. As of today, there exist certain regulatory documentation but no methods of how to determine the limit exceedance in the field of radiology, or the methods are outdated or do not have the lawful certification by an authorized metrological agency.
Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth in lake Batorino: experimental research
Nutrients like phosphorus, nitrogen, silicon are one of the most important factors controlling phytoplankton growth and proliferation. The depletion of these elements will limit the growth of phytoplankton, which is one of the most effective ways to control the phytoplanrton blooms. This effect is caused everywhere by anthropogenic activities, such as wastewater discharge, the use of large amounts of agricultural fertilizers, etc. The study was conducted in June 2025. In the experiment, into the water from the surface horizon of the lake Batorino the main nutrients were added in various ratios. Then, over the course of 25 days, chlorophyll-a indicators were recorded, reflecting the increase in phytoplankton biomass. On the second day of the research, a negative or near-zero growth rate was recorded, which is probably due to the presence of a «buffer» adaptation period of the phytoplankton community. This period appears probably with a rapid (albeit conducive) change in conditions. At the same time, the proportion of blue-green algae increased due to a decrease in the biomass of the diatoms, cryptophyte and green algae. The study showed the significant (p < 0,05) increase in biomass (according to chlorophyll-a) was recorded when all studied nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen, silicon) were added in maximum concentration, while the only phosphorus or silicon addition didn’t cause significant changes in comparison with the control. The only nitrogen addition causes a lower increase in biomass compared to the control. At the same time, by the end of the study, representatives of the green algae predominate in all microcosms, while diatoms along with blue-green algae predominated in the source water.
The effect of local irradiation on lung tumor formation in Af mice
Studies of the biological effects of ionizing radiation have recently become actual due to the expansion of the implement of nuclear technologies in a variety of human activities. Especially it important for using of medical imaging when human body is often exposed by low-dose ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation at low doses is the cause of stochastic effects, which are depended on influence by many another factors, such as the genetic predisposition or chemical environmental pollutants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of spontaneous and chemically induced tumor formation in the lungs of Af mice after local X-ray irradiation of the thoracic region. Af mice of both sexes were 3 months old at the start of the study. Animals were irradiated using an X-Rad 320 Precision X-ray Inc. biological X-ray system. Local irradiation of the thoracic region was achieved by shielding with protective plates. Fractionated local irradiation of the thoracic region of Af mice with a total dose of 5 Gy increase the frequency of spontaneous lung tumors. Both the percentage of animals with tumors (up to 48,7% versus 27% in controls) and the number of tumors per mouse (up to 1,24 versus 0,86 in controls) grew up. Neither worsening of general health status nor growth of tumor rates were found after repeated (every two weeks for 9 months) local irradiation by radiography doses. Thus, we concluded that repeated local radiography low-dose irradiation did not affect the rate of spontaneous lung carcinogenesis in Af mice. But in combination with urethane solution repeated irradiation by radiography doses stimulated chemically induced carcinogenesis in the lungs of Af mice: increased in the number and size of tumors.
ESTABLISHMENT AND CALCULATION OF THE AMOUNT OF COMPENSATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE FROM A STATIONARY SOURCE OF EMISSIONS OF POLLUTANTS INTO THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR
In the course of the research, methodical aspects related to the establishment of signs of negative anthropogenic impact of emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air, as well as with the features of calculating the amount of compensation for damage caused to the environment from a stationary source of emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air were determined. A step-by-step algorithm for expert analysis of air pollutant emissions from stationary sources is described. This algorithm allows for a more accurate classification of signs of negative anthropogenic impact on environmental objects (establishing the fact of harm), the correct interpretation of the obtained research results, the presentation of the results of the damage cost assessment, and the formulation of answers to the expert's questions. An example of calculating the amount of damage caused to the environment is considered, taking into account the category of the object impacting the air and the hazard class of the substance released or resulting from the release of the pollutant into the atmosphere
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL BULK DENSITY, ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND POSSIBILITIES OF ECOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS
The article explores the relationship between soil bulk density and electrical conductivity as a tool for ecological diagnostics of structural changes. Soil is a key ecosystem component whose functionality largely depends on its structure, density, and moisture content. Intensive use of heavy agricultural machinery leads to soil compaction, reduced porosity, and structural degradation, which in turn affects water infiltration, gas exchange, and biological activity. Experimental studies were carried out on three soil types of the Kura-Araz lowland: meadow-gray, gray-meadow, and alluvial-meadow soils. Electrical conductivity was measured in the frequency range of 0.4–10 MHz under different moisture levels (10–24 %) and densities (1.1–1.4 g/cm³). The results showed a strong linear relationship between electrical conductivity and soil bulk density, which became more pronounced with increasing moisture content. The highest electrical conductivity values were recorded in alluvial–meadow soils, while the greatest sensitivity to compaction was observed in gray-meadow soils. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships (r = 0.95–0.99), and the regression models demonstrated a coefficient of determination R² > 0.90. These findings confirm that electrical conductivity can be considered an integral indicator of soil condition, reflecting the combined effects of physical and hydrothermal parameters. The application of electrical conductivity provides opportunities for early diagnosis of soil degradation, optimization of agricultural practices, and the development of ecological monitoring systems. Moreover, this methodology can be integrated into precision agriculture and applied in interregional comparisons, offering a reliable scientific basis for sustainable land-use strategies.
RISK FACTORS FOR THE SEVERITY OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS MANIFESTATIONS IN CHILDREN
The aim of this study was to identify possible associations of certain somatic, atopic and environmental factors (obtained from medical history) with the severity of atopic dermatitis (AD) measured by the SCORAD index in children undergoing inpatient and outpatient treatment in Minsk. Using a cross-sectional approach, data from 42 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of AD aged 3 to 18 years were analyzed. In each case, AD severity was assessed by the SCORAD index. AD severity in children was directly associated with a short duration of breastfeeding (one-way ANOVA, p < 0,001), a predisposition to allergic reactions (Student’s t-test, p = 0,022), allergic rhinitis (p < 0,001) and reactions to non‑food allergens (p < 0,001). A moderate correlation was found between the SCORAD index and birth weight in boys (r = −0,46, p = 0,043, n = 19), as well as birth length (r = −0,54, p = 0,016, n = 19). In children with AD, the SCORAD score was directly related to the frequency of certain clinical morphological skin manifestations (erythema, edema, oozing, pruritus, lichenification, scaling) and inversely related to remission duration. Reaction to non‑food allergens or a tendency to pustular eruptions were associated with edematous lesions, oozing at eruption sites, excoriations, skin dryness and scaling. Oozing at eruption sites was associated with the absence of breastfeeding or its short duration. The observed protective role of breastfeeding in reducing AD severity and the worsening of AD manifestations associated with adverse environmental factors (nonfood allergens, pustular infection) suggest the need for individualized control of risk factors during patient follow‑up to optimize treatment and prevent AD exacerbations.
Influence of the Kattakurgan reservoir on soil cover and hydromorphism process
The article determines the state of soil hydromorphism located around the Kattakurgan Reservoir. It is established that changes in the morphological characteristics of the soil, as well as the presence of bog and gley horizons are manifested at different distances and in different directions. According to the research results, soil hydromorphism is not observed on the eastern, southern and western sides of the reservoir. This is due to the fact that these territories are located 60-68 m above sea level compared to the northern part and are not used in agricultural activities. On the northern side, the situation is the opposite: the lands are below sea level relative to the southern, eastern and western parts. The inlet and outlet channels of the reservoir are located here, as well as the collector and drainage system, which does not work efficiently enough. As a result, there is a constant increase in the groundwater level (at a depth of about 82 cm), which contributes to the development of hydromorphism processes. The influence of the reservoir on the soil cover of the northern side is expressed unevenly: the greatest rise in groundwater is recorded in the northwestern part - up to 3-3.5 km from the reservoir. In the northeastern zone, the influence extends up to 2 km, and in the northern - up to 1.7 km.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of the Belarusian State University. Ecology
SEASONAL COURSE OF SURFACE OZONE AND ANTHROPOGENIC AIR POLLUTION IN THE CITIES OF BELARUS IN 2024
Based on observation data from the National Environmental Monitoring System, the levels of anthropogenic air pollution and ground-level ozone in regional cities of Belarus and the Berezina Biosphere Reserve are analyzed, and the features of the seasonal and diurnal course in concentrations in 2023 and 2024, monitored by automatic observation cites of Belhydromet, are studied. The monthly average, long-term average values and average annual concentration values in 2023 and 2024 for each observation point are calculated and compared. It is shown that the observation results differ not only for different cities, but also for different observation points within the same city. The seasonal variation of concentrations also differs in the years under consideration, demonstrating deviations from long-term average monthly concentrations. Cities (measurement points) with the highest and lowest content of O3 and other measurable impurities in 2024 are determined. The dynamics of the content of O3 and other measurable impurities in 2023–2024 for each city (measurement point) is studied. A comparative analysis of the content of CO, NO2, NO and VOCs is carried out for several measurement points in Minsk and Mogilev in 2024. Cities (measurement points) in Belarus with the highest and lowest concentrations of pollutants are identified. The ratio of benzene, toluene, and xylene concentrations to the total VOC concentration is analyzed for each measurement point. A significant increase in the average annual total concentration of VOCs and each of the components for Gomel 14 in 2024 is noted. The degree of variability (consistency) in pollutant concentrations throughout the year is studied for each measurement point. Deviations from the previously described diurnal course of ground-level ozone concentrations and other measured air pollutants in cities (measurement points) of Belarus are determined.
METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS FOR PROJECTIONS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emissions is a key analytical tool for development of National Climate Strategies, updating Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), assessing the effectiveness of climate mitigation measures, and planning socio-economic development. This paper presents the methodological approaches for projections of greenhouse gas emissions in the agricultural sector of the Republic of Belarus up to 2035, developed in the context of predation of the third Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement. Based on international guidelines and national data, three development scenarios were developed. Key scenario assumptions were substantiated, reflecting current trends in livestock production, crop cultivation, and fertilizer application. A list of priority low emission measures was identified, including biogas technologies, precision and organic farming, conservation of degraded peatlands, and optimization of cattle feeding practices. For each measure, specific efficiency indicators (emission reductions per unit of implementation) were calculated, enabling a quantitative assessment of their contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The methodology and results of this study can be used in mapping of climate policy in Belarus.
PHENOMICS – POSTGENOMIC SCIENCE IN AGROECOLOGY
High-throughput digital phenotyping (phenomics) is a revolutionary approach in modern plant physiology, located at the intersection of physiology, genetics, information technology, and agroecology. This methodology enables a comprehensive analysis of the phenotypic characteristics of plants with unprecedented accuracy and objectivity, making it an indispensable tool in modern biological research. The integration of phenomics with advanced technological solutions, including multispectral analysis, hyperspectral imaging, and artificial intelligence, opens new perspectives for studying the mechanisms of plant development and their interactions with the environment. The application of phenomic approaches is particularly important in addressing pressing agroecological challenges aimed at increasing crop productivity and developing stress-resistant plant varieties. Modern phenomic research contributes to the optimization of biological resource use and the development of innovative breeding methods, which is of paramount importance for ensuring food security and sustainable development of the agricultural sector. The introduction of digital phenotyping technologies significantly accelerates the development of new plant varieties with improved characteristics, including increased yield, resistance to adverse environmental factors, and optimal resource utilization. Thus, phenomics serves as a fundamental basis for the development of modern agrobiotechnology, integrating the achievements of various scientific disciplines and providing a comprehensive approach to addressing key plant production challenges in the face of global environmental challenges.
EXPRESSION OF TIM-3 BY IMMUNE CELLS IN MICE WITH AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF THE TUMOR PROCESS
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3) is an inhibitory immune checkpoint that is expressed on immune and tumor cells. However, to date, the dual role of TIM-3 has been shown: on the one hand, the receptor acts as a negative regulator of antitumor immunity and is associated with a lower survival rate in cancer patients, and on the other hand, it may indicate a positive prognosis for certain types of cancer. The study was conducted on A/J mice with an experimental neuroblastoma model. The cellular composition of the secondary organs of the immune system and TIL (tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes), as well as the level of TIM-3 expression, were determined using flow cytometry and monoclonal antibodies. Statistical processing is performed in Statistica 8.0. The secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system (lymph nodes and spleen) were characterized by a predominant (more than 90%) content of lymphocytes, while the remaining cells were identified as granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages in all the studied groups. At the same time, the content of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) increased statistically significantly in the TIL population of mice in the experimental group. In mice with an experimental neuroblastoma model, a decrease in CD3+ T-lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and spleen was found relative to the comparison group (p=0.01) in combination with an increase in CD3+CD4-CD8-T-cells in the lymph nodes (p=0.01). In the experimental group, there was a statistically significant increase in TIM-3 on CD3+T-lymphocytes, mainly on CD3+CD8+T-cells. An inverse relationship was found between the level of TIM-3 expression on CD3+CD8+T-lymphocytes and the amount of TAM (R=-0.70; p=0.02) in lymph nodes, as well as the correlation of TIM-3 expression on CD3+ T-lymphocytes of the spleen and TAM content in mice with neuroblastoma (R=0.90; p=0.001), which may be a potential mechanism of pathological immune tolerance in the formation of the oncological process.
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3
Syntaxonomic diversity of ruderal vegetation along railways in the Minsk region
Railway vegetation is of great interest as a new anthropogenic habitat for grass communities, which spread not only along railway tracks but also along other communication structures. Research in this area is aimed at gaining new knowledge about the diversity and characteristics of plant communities forming along railways, as well as their role in the modern landscape. Studying the vegetation cover of railways will make it possible to predict and regulate the spread of introduced, potentially invasive species, with the subsequent development of measures for monitoring and managing adventitious plant species. The aim of the study was to characterize the syntaxonomic diversity of the ruderal vegetation formed along the railways of the Minsk region. Field studies were conducted between 2021 and 2024 using standard geobotanical methods at 15 key sites. Three habitat groups were identified in the study areas: railway tracks, embankments, and right-of-way strips. The t-SNE method and cluster analysis were used to identify and differentiate plant communities. The ecological and floristic classification of vegetation was performed using the Braun-Blanke method. The analysis revealed that the syntaxonomic diversity of ruderal vegetation along railways in the study area is represented by three classes (Sisymbrietea Gutte et Hilbig 1975, Artemisietea vulgaris Lohmeyer et al. in Tx. ex von Rochow 1951 and Epilobietea angustifolii Tx. et Preising ex von Rochow 1951), three orders, three unions, six associations, and two association variants. The developed system of syntaxa allows determining the ecological characteristics and nature of succession of grass communities in different types of railway habitats. Thus, along the railway tracks, under conditions of high anthropogenic pressure, xerophytic communities of the Linario – Brometum tectorum Knapp 1961 association (ass.) are formed, representing the initial stages of restorative succession. Mesophytic communities of the order Agropyretalia intermedio-repentis T. Müller et Görs 1969 of the class Artemisietea vulgaris (ass. Convolvulo arvensis – Elytrigietum repentis Felföldy 1943, Pastinaco sylvestris – Elytrigietum repentis Ishbirdin in Ishbirdin et al. 1988 and Arrhenathero elatioris – Dactylidetum glomeratae Arepieva 2015) are widespread on embankments and right-of-way strips, representing semi-natural grass phytocenoses. Nitrophytic communities of the class Epilobietea angustifolii (ass. Elytrigio repentis – Aegopodietum podagrariae Tuxen 1967 and Chaerophylletum aromatici Neuhauslova-Novotna et al. 1969) develop on more humid substrates of embankments and right-of-way strips with low environmental disturbance.
ASSESSMENT OF HYDROCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY IN SETTLEMENTS WITH NON-CENTRALIZED WATER SUPPLY IN THE AREA OF A MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILL
The assessment of drinking water quality indicators in the settlements with non-centralized water supply in the areas of potential impact of Gomel landfill was carried out in dynamics. On the basis of quarterly hydrochemical and organoleptic analysis the conformity of drinking water of non-centralized water supply with hygienic safety standards was assessed for 27 indicators. Non-compliance was established for 7 characteristics. Exceedance of MAC of total iron with multiplicity of 2.6-23.6 times in 100 % of samples with maximum content in summer-autumn period was revealed. It is characterized by randomness, weak connection with pollution by other components. Permanganate oxidizability in 44 % of cases exceeded permissible values up to 2.83 times and correlated with the content of total iron in water (r = 0.71). Phosphate content in winter-spring period exceeded MAC 1.3-1.5 times in 50 % of samples. Single samples in summer-autumn period were characterized by exceeding MPC of nitrates up to 1.6 times. The results of seasonal studies of water composition for 2021-2024 revealed the main pollutants of these objects: total iron, nitrates, phosphates, chlorides. A reliable inverse relationship between the content of total iron, sulfates and the distance of sampling objects from the boundaries of the body of the landfill (r = -(0.435-0.88) and r = -0.69, respectively) was established.
hydrochemical and organoleptic indicators
Antioxidant activity of colostrum hydrolysates and their complexes with β- and γ-cyclodextrins
The antioxidant activity (AOA) of 10 samples was studied: dry colostrum, its hydrolysates with a degree of hydrolysis of 1 and 5 %, ultrafiltrates of hydrolysates obtained using filters with a separation capacity of 10 and 5 kDa, clathrates of β- and γ-cyclodextrins with peptides, as well as β- and γ-cyclodextrins. The main AOA parameters were determined from the dependences of fluorescein fluorescence intensity on the logarithm of the concentration of all samples. IC₅₀ values were in the range of 4.0–56.9 μg/ml. The samples restored fluorescein fluorescence to 74–96 % at their concentration of 0.15–0.3 mg/ml. The degree of hydrolysis and subsequent ultrafiltration, as well as complexation with cyclodextrins, influenced the increase in antioxidant activity. The maximum antioxidant activity was obtained for a sample of colostrum hydrolysate ultrafiltrate in complex with γ-cyclodextrin.
Short-term contamination changes of 137Cs and 90Sr in ecosystems elements of high-ageoakforests in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant exclusion zone
Studies in wood sorrel, goutweed and riverbed–floodplain oak forests in the exclusion zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, it was established that at the current stage of the consequences of the nuclear disaster against the general background of mitigation of the radiation situation, there are significant differences in the directions and rates of short-term changes (from 2018 to 2024) in the indicators of contamination of soils and structural components of 137Cs and 90Sr of the main tiers of plantations. The gamma dose rate and soil contamination with both radionuclides decreased in all types of oak forests, except for the soil of the riverbed–floodplain oak forest, where the 90Sr content increased. Current changes in the parameters of 137Cs and 90Sr contamination of oak tree organs and tissues, undergrowth and understorey plants, parts of phytomass of background species of living ground cover were of different vectors and magnitudes and depended on the plant species, forest type and year of observation. The ranked series of 137Cs and 90Sr transition coefficients into components of oak trees and organs of undergrowth and understorey differed by forest types and years of observation. For oak trees, the transfer of 137Cs and 90Sr to wood was minimal, while the transfer of 137Cs to acorns and leaves was maximal. In 2024, the ranked series of 137Cs transition coefficients was common for all forest types – “wood < bark < roots < branches < acorns < leaves”. The most frequent distribution of undergrowth and understorey organs according to the values of 137Cs transition coefficients in them was the series “trunks < roots < leaves”, 90Sr – “trunks < leaves < roots”. An increase in the specific activity of 90Sr in the aboveground and underground phytomass of May lily was revealed in the series of forest types “riverbed–floodplain oak forest < wood sorrel oak forest < goutweed oak forest”.