Перспективы использования соматической гибридизации для раcширения генетического разнообразия культурных растений и грибов
Ключевые слова:
соматическая гибридизация, протопласты, генетическая модификация, растения, грибы-антагонисты, биоконтроль, энтомопатогенные грибыАннотация
В данном обзоре рассматриваются фундаментальные и прикладные аспекты научных исследований в области клеточных технологий, которые позволяют создавать новые формы растений с заданными свойствами, что способствует ускорению селекционного процесса в 2–4 раза. Эффективное использование генетического разнообразия, присущего сельскохозяйственным растениям и их дикорастущим сородичам, а также формирование устойчивости к болезням с помощью соматической гибридизации и/или молекулярно-биологических методов приводит к получению культур с улучшенными свойствами и вносит значительный вклад в продовольственную и экологическую безопасность. В связи с этим возрастает актуальность включения клеточных технологий, и в частности, метода соматической гибридизации, в селекционные программы для ускоренного создания исходного материала и новых сортов или гибридов путем сочетания традиционных методов селекции и клеточных технологий. Несмотря на достигнутые успехи, в данной области исследований существует ряд проблем. Отсутствие стандартизированных, эффективных и воспроизводимых протоколов клеточной гибридизации in vitro часто препятствует их практическому использованию. Важным современным направлением биотехнологии является также повышение биологического потенциала энтомопатогенных грибов, которые применяются для биологической защиты растений от насекомых-вредителей, а также грибов-антогонистов для защиты растений от фитопатогенов. На основе совершенствования метода соматической гибридизации, основанной на слиянии протопластов, появилась возможность получения новых штаммов грибов, обладающих уникальными свойствами, что позволяет расширить спектр действия биопрепаратов, повысить биологическую эффективность полезных штаммов грибов, а также их устойчивость к факторам окружающей среды. В мировой научной литературе уже отмечены определенные успехи в этом направлении и созданы научные основы получения ценных межвидовых гибридов растений и грибов, что является отправной точкой для развития аналогичных исследований в Республике Беларусь.
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