Морфология и генезис ясельдинских ледниковых ложбин в Беларуси

  • Михаил Евгеньевич Комаровский Белорусский государственный университет, пр. Независимости, 4, 220030, г. Минск, Беларусь

Аннотация

Геологическое картографирование, включавшее анализ вновь собранных данных бурения, выявило древнейшую ясельдинскую (донскую (на территории России), Sanian 1 (на территории Польши)) генерацию ложбин в четвертичной толще и ее подошве. Эти ложбины распространены в области ясельдинского оледенения (в его краевой и зафронтальной зонах). Они тяготеют к крупным низинам доясельдинского рельефа, к районам, где преобладают деформируемые отложения, которые залегают над выступами более прочных пород (Белорусская антеклиза, локальные структуры Припятского прогиба), а также к системам активных разломов. Распределение данных ледниковых ложбин подчиняется радиально-секторальной структуре и динамике ясельдинского ледника, что предопределило общие черты и региональные особенности их упорядоченности и морфологии. Общими чертами ясельдинских ложбин являются приуроченность к лопастным секторам ледниковых потоков, встречаемость в разновозрастных краевых комплексах, преобладание ложбин полигенетического происхождения. К региональным особенностям относятся изолированное положение, субмеридиональная и меридиональная ориентация, меньшие размеры и слабая выраженность в рельефе максимальной фазы ясельдинского оледенения, преобладание ложбин ледниковой экзарации и выдавливания и широкое развитие субгляциальных водно-эрозионных рытвин. Ложбины более молодой (новогрудской) фазы локализуются в краевых комплексах Средненеманской, Налибокской и Среднеберезинской лопастей и в языках по их периферии. Этим ложбинам свойственны связь с поясом возвышенностей, субширотная крупнофестончатая упорядоченность на площади лопастей и веерообразное, часто дугообразное (вдоль окончаний языков) расположение в языках, крупные размеры и максимальные глубины, четкое обособление в рельефе. Здесь представлены в основном полигенетические ложбины котловинного и трогового типов, ложбины выдавливания с прилегающими к ним дислокациями и субгляциальные водно-эрозионные рытвины. Формирование ложбин котловинного типа происходило одновременно с выдвижением выводных ледников и было результатом экзарации и гляциотектонических надвигов пород субстрата на территории присводового участка Белорусской антеклизы и огибающих ее с севера низин. Оформление их как крупных котловинных ложбин стало возможным на этапе регрессии ледникового покрова, когда подвижки лопастей привели к выдавливанию большого количества материала ложа и нагромождению его в окаймлении котловин в виде скибовых надвигов, отторженцев, напорных конечных морен. Троговые ложбины возникли в результате вклинивания
выводных ледников в палеодолины или избирательной линейной эрозии вдоль зон структурного ослабления. В районах развития скального ложа они сформированы плакингом и абразией, а на участках мягкого субстрата – выпахиванием, удалением оторванных глыб или надвиговых блоков. Многочисленные ложбины выдавливания, гляциокупола и складчато-чешуйчатые валы образовались за счет интенсивного выдавливания мезокайнозойских отложений из-под ледниковых языков в краевые зоны на этапе деградации ледникового покрова. Субгляциальные водно-эрозионные ложбины зародились в результате канализированной эрозии, переноса и аккумуляции отложе-
ний во время быстрых выбросов воды из подледниковых озер, происходивших в фазу сокращения ледника. Большинство крупных ложбин созданы не одним, а несколькими процессами (ледниковая экзарация, выдавливание или водно-ледниковая эрозия), т. е. имеют полигенетическое происхождение.

Биография автора

Михаил Евгеньевич Комаровский, Белорусский государственный университет, пр. Независимости, 4, 220030, г. Минск, Беларусь

кандидат геолого-минералогических наук, доцент; доцент кафедры региональной геологии факультета географии и геоинформатики

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Опубликован
2022-12-06
Ключевые слова: троговые ложбины, гляциодепрессии, гляциотектонопары, субгляциальные водно-эрозионные рытвины, ясельдинская генерация, выводной ледник
Как цитировать
Комаровский, М. Е. (2022). Морфология и генезис ясельдинских ледниковых ложбин в Беларуси. Журнал Белорусского государственного университета. География. Геология, 2, 117-143. https://doi.org/10.33581/2521-6740-2022-2-117-143