Наноструктурированный оксид цинка: роль физико-химических свойств в биологической активности и потенциальной цитотоксичности материала
Аннотация
За последние два десятилетия нанотехнологии стали представлять интерес не только для науки, но и для промышленности. Использование нанотехнологических подходов обеспечило возможность получения различных наночастиц и новых материалов на их основе со специфическими свойствами, отличными от свойств микроаналогов. К таким новым материалам можно отнести наноструктурированный оксид цинка, который нашел применение в биомедицинском секторе, включая биовизуализацию и адресную доставку лекарственных средств. Производство частиц в наноразмерном диапазоне позволило значительно увеличить активную площадь поверхности данного типа материалов в занимаемом объеме, что и привело к улучшению их химических, электрических, магнитных, структурных и (или) морфологических свойств. Однако в зависимости от способа проникновения в организм человека наночастицы могут перемещаться в различные органы и ткани, где способны вызывать побочные эффекты. Для проведения токсикологических исследований необходимо смоделировать in vitro взаимодействие между наночастицами и клеточными системами in vivo, а для возможности соотнесения любых токсических реакций с типом наночастиц требуется выяснить, в какой степени они способны адсорбироваться на клеточной поверхности и проникать внутрь клеток. Известно, что цитотоксичность наноструктурированного оксида цинка также может существенно зависеть от его физико-химических свойств, в частности от размера и формы частиц. По этой причине понимание взаимосвязи между цитотоксичностью и физико-химическими свойствами наночастиц представляется актуальным для объективной оценки возможных рисков от их воздействия. Таким образом, в настоящем обзоре рассмотрены основные механизмы воздействия наноматериалов на организм человека, роль их физико-химических свойств в биологической активности, а также вопросы потенциальной цитотоксичности наноструктурированного оксида цинка.
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