Legal status of an individual in international litigation
Abstract
The article is devoted to the theoretical and practical issues of the legal status of an individual in international courts and tribunals. The author investigates how natural persons participate in international litigation in order to understand the evolving status of an individual in the international legal order in general. The approach is based on inclusive participation, and an overall tendency to widen locus standi and locus standi in judicia is stressed. The author analyses the status of a claimant, a defendant, other participants, such as witnesses and victims, covering different international jurisdictions, in which an individual has a procedural role – human protective mechanisms, administrative tribunals, international criminal tribunals – and even addresses the International Court of Justice case law (in which an individual formally has no access to any procedural status) in order to unveal and prove the humanization of international procedural law.
References
- Mullerson R. Human rights and the individual as a subject of international law. European Journal of International Law. 1990;1:33–43.
- Lauterpacht H. International law and human rights. Hamden: Archon books; 1968. 475 p.
- Malanczuk P. Akehurst’s modern introduction to international law. London: Routledge; 1997. 34 p.
- Cassese A. International law. 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005. 616 p.
- Dupuy PM, Kerbradt Y. Droit international public. Paris: Dalloz; 2018. 956 p.
- Evans M, editor. International Law. 5th edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2018. 976 p.
- Higgins R. Conceptual thinking about the individual in international law. New York Law School Law Review. 1978; 24:11–29.
- Reparation for injuries suffered in the service of the United Nations. Advisory opinion of April 11th 1949. International Court of Justice Reports. 1949 [Internet]. p. 174 [cited 2019 March 23]. Available from: https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/4/004-19490411-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf.
- McCorqoudale R. The individual and the international legal system. In: Evans MD, editor. International law. 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press; 2010. p. 280–305.
- Jurisdiction of the Courts of Danzig (Pecuniary claims of Danzig Railway Officials who have passed into the Polish Service, against the Polish Railways Administration). Advisory Opinion No. 15 of 3 March 1928 [Internet; cited 2019 March 18]. Available from: http://www.worldcourts.com/pcij/eng/decisions/1928.03.03_danzig.htm.
- The Case of the S. S. Lotus. France v. Turkey. Judgment No. 9 of 7 September 1927 [Internet; cited 2019 March 18]. Available from: http://www.worldcourts.com/pcij/eng/decisions/1927.09.07_lotus.htm.
- Shaw M. International law. 7th edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014. 981 p.
- Cassidi J. Emergence of the individual as an international juristic entity: enforcement of international human rights. Deakin Law Review. 2004;9(2):534–572.
- Parlett K. The individual and the structural change in the international legal system. Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative Law. 2012;3(1):60–80.
- Tyagi Y. The UN Human Rights Committee: Practice and Procedure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011. 944 p.
- Disabled and handicapped persons in Italy – not specified v. Italy, Communication No. 163/1984 (9 January 1984), U.N. Doc. Supp. No. 40 (A/39/40) at 197 (1984) [Internet; cited 2019 April 1]. Available from: http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/undocs/session39/163-1984.htm.
- Mendis M, Wijenayake V. Reforming the Individual Complaint Mechanism to the ICCPR: Redefining the “Victim” of human rights violations [Internet; cited 2019 March 24]. Available from: http://www.academia.edu/4366440/Reforming_the_Individual_Complaint_Mechanism_to_the_ICCPR_Redefining_the_Victim_of_Human_Rights_Violations.
- Administration of Justice in the United Nations: Resolution 65/251 adopted by the General Assembly on 24 December 2010 [Internet]. 2011 March 2 [cited 2019 March 24]. Available from: https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/65/251.
- UN Internal Justice System [Internet; cited 2019 March 23]. Available from: https://www.un.org/en/internaljustice/.
- ILO Administrative Tribunal [Internet; cited 2019 March 29]. Available from: https://www.ilo.org/tribunal/lang--en/index.htm.
- World Bank Administrative Tribunal [Internet; cited 2019 March 29]. Available from: https://webapps.worldbank.org/sites/wbat/Pages/default.aspx.
- Petrov M. Access to justice: what defence for international accused? In: Chopo YG, editor. Lecciones sobre justicia internacional. Zaragoza: [publisher unknown]; 2009. p. 129–140.
- Gonzalez PV. The role of victims in International Criminal Court proceedings: their rights and the first rulings of the Court. Sur. Revista International de Direitos Humanas. 2006;3(5):18–41. DOI: 10.1590/S1806-64452006000200003.
- Keller L. Seeking Justice at the International Criminal Court: victim’s reparation. Thomas Jeffersson Law Review. 2007;29:189–218.
- Reparations and the Trust Fund for Victims [Internet; cited 2019 March 29]. Available from: https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/10-CH-VII_Reparations.pdf.
- Wijk J van. Who is the “little old lady” of international crimes? Nils Christie’s concept of the ideal victim reinterpreted. International Review of Victimology. 2013;19(2):159–179.
- Decision on the Set of Procedural Rules Attached to Procedural Status of Victim at the Pre-Trial Stage of the Case. No, ICC-01/04-01/07-474 [Internet; cited 2019 March 30]. Available from: https://www.icc-cpi.int/pages/record.aspx?doc-No=ICC-01/04-01/07-474.
- McGonigle BL. The right to truth in international criminal proceedings. In: Haeck I, editor. The realization of human rights: when theory meets practice. Studies in honour of Leo Zwaak. Cambridge: Intersentia Publishing Ltd; 2013. p. 293–312.
- Lubanga Case. Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo. ICC-01/04-01/06 [Internet; cited 2019 March 30]. Available from: https://www.icc-cpi.int/drc/lubanga.
- Saavedra-Alvarez Y. The recent practice of the inter-American defence attorney figure during the proceedings before the inter-American court of human rights. In: Haeck I, editor. The realization of human rights: when theory meets practice. Studies in honour of Leo Zwaak. Cambridge: Intersentia Publishing Ltd; 2013. p. 243–258.
- Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Case of Furlan and Family v. Argentina. Judgment of 31 August 2012 [Internet; cited 2019 April 2]. Available from: http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_246_ing.pdf.
- Milano E. Diplomatic protection and human rights before the International Court of Justice: re-fashioning tradition? Netherlands Yearbook of International Law. 2004;35:85–142.
- Case concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of Congo). Judgment of 30 November 2010 [Internet; cited 2019 March 30]. Available from: https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/103/103-20101130-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf.
- Draft articles on diplomatic protection: text adopted by the International Law Commission at its fifty-eighth session, in 2006. Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-first Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/61/10) [Internrt; cited 2019 March 30]. Available from: http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_8_2006.pdf.
- Gallo D. The right of access to jusctice for the staff of international organizations: the need for reform in the light of the ICJ Opinion of 1 Feb. 2012. Evolution on the Law of International Organizations. 2015;54:509–532.
- Trindade AA. Coexistence and co-ordination of mechanisms of international protection of human rights (at global and regional level). Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law. 1987;11:202.
- Statute of the International Court of Justice [Internet; cited 2019 March 30]. Available from: http://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/sicj/icj_statute_e.pdf.
Copyright (c) 2019 Journal of the Belarusian State University. International Relations
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The authors who are published in this journal agree to the following:
- The authors retain copyright on the work and provide the journal with the right of first publication of the work on condition of license Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial. 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).
- The authors retain the right to enter into certain contractual agreements relating to the non-exclusive distribution of the published version of the work (e.g. post it on the institutional repository, publication in the book), with the reference to its original publication in this journal.
- The authors have the right to post their work on the Internet (e.g. on the institutional store or personal website) prior to and during the review process, conducted by the journal, as this may lead to a productive discussion and a large number of references to this work. (See The Effect of Open Access.)