Projecting culture: cultural diplomacy of European states in the age of industrial imperialism (1871–1914)
Abstract
Industrial imperialism set the stage for the emergence of cultural diplomacy and its institutions. Departments responsible for cultural diplomacy proliferated in the foreign ministries of multiple European countries, and many colonial powers and imperial states scrambled to establish their overseas cultural institutions. Countries viewed schooling as one of their most effective instruments for the pursuit of their civilising mission. At the beginning of the 20th century, education, academic exchange and research came to the central stage of the global competition among countries for economic and political influence. Where the government was too cautious to proceed, non-government actors (organisations and individuals) filled the void. Countries relied on diplomats to steer the work of their overseas cultural institutions but used considerable discretion in doing so.
References
- Düwell K. Zwischen Propaganda und Friedensarbeit – Geschichte der deutschen Auswärtigen Kulturpolitik im internationalen Vergleich. In: Maaß Kurt-Jürgen, Herausgeber. Kultur und Außerpolitik. Handbuch für Wissenschaft und Praxis. Baden-Baden: Nomos; 2015. S. 57–99.
- Haigh A. Cultural diplomacy in Europe. Strasbourg: Council for Cultural Cooperation; 1974. 223 p.
- Bendrikov KE. Ocherki po istorii narodnogo obrazovaniya v Turkestane (1865–1924 gg.) [Essays on the history of public education in Turkestan (1865-1924)]. Мoscow: Izdatel’stvo Akademii pedagogicheskikh nauk RSFSR; 1960. 508 p. Russian.
- Burrows M. “Mission civilisatrice”: French cultural policy in the Middle East, 1860–1914. The Historical Journal. 1986;29(1):109–135.
- Schmidt F. Anfänge deutscher Kulturpolitik im Auslande. Zeitschrift für Politik. Neue Folge. 1956;3:252–258.
- Ferrara M. The cultural policies of Great Britain towards its colonies: culture, domination and empire. Saarbruecken: Lambert Academic Publishing; 2012. 96 p.
- Rolland D, González E, Niño A, Rodriguez M. L’Espagne, La France et L’Amérique Latine: Politiques culturelles, propagandes et relations internationales, XXe siècle. Paris: L’Harmattan; 2001. 495 p.
- Moore BL. Neither led nor driven. Contesting British cultural imperialism in Jamaica, 1865–1920. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press; 2004. 475 p.
- Staliūnas D. Making Russians. Meaning and practice of russification in Lithuania and Belarus after 1863. Amsterdam: Rodopi; 2007. 480 p.
- Chaubet F. L’Alliance française ou la diplomatie de la langue (1883–1914). Revue historique. 2004;4:763–785.
- Brueziere M. L’Alliance Française 1883–1983: histoire d’une institution. Paris: Hachette; 1983. 247 p.
- Weidenfeller G.VDA, Verein für das Deutschtum im Ausland, Allgemeiner Deutscher Schulverein (1881–1918). Bern: Peter Lang AG; 1976. 507 S.
- Lepiorz J. Zur Geschichte des deutschen Auslandsschulwessens. Zeitschrift für Kulturaustausch. 1979;1:18–29.
- Basu A. Essays in the history of Indian education. New Delhi: Concept; 1982. 105 p.
- Kim CS. Deutscher Kulturimperialismus in China. Deutsches Kolonialschulwesen in Kiautschou (China) 1898–1914. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag; 2004. 272 S.
- Kelly GP. French colonial education: essays on Vietnam and West Africa. New York: AMS Press; 2000. 283 p.
- Reynaud-Paligod C. L’écoleauxcolonies – entre mission civilisatrice et racialisation 1816–1940. Paris: Champ Vallon; 2020. 348 p.
- Paschalidis G. Exporting national culture: histories of cultural institutes abroad. International Journal of Cultural Policy. 2009;15(3):275–289.
- Ritter GA. Internationale Wissenschaftsbeziehungen und auswärtige Kulturpolitilk im deutschen Kaiserreich. In: Düwell K, Rehs M, Herausgeber. Interne Faktoren auswärtiger Kulturpolitik im 19 und 20 Jahrhundert. Teil 1. Stuttgart: Institut für Auslandbeziehungen; 1981. S. 5–16.
- Düwell K. Deutschlands auswärtige Kulturpolitik 1918–1932. Grundlinien und Dokuments. Köln: Böhlau; 1976. 402 S.
- Kossenko SI. The genesis and evolution of the France’s cultural diplomacy through centuries. MGIMO Review of International Relations. 2013;4:29–37. Russian. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-4-31-29-37.
- Kosmach VA. Vneshnyaya kul’turnaya politika Veimarskoi Germanii v politicheskoi zhizni strany i na mezhdunarodnoi arene (1919–1932 gg.) [Foreign cultural policy of Weimar Germany in the political life of the country and in the international arena (1919–1932)]. Vičebsk: Vitebsk State University named after P. M. Masherov; 2006. 390 p. Russian.
- Gencer M. Bildungspolitik, Modernisierung und kulturelle Interaktion. Deutsch-Türkische Beziehungen (1908–1918). Münster: Lit Verlag; 2002. 314 S.
- Thévenin A. La Mission laïque française à travers son histoire, 1902–2002. Paris: Mission laïque française; 2002. 242 p.
- Karakasidou A. Fields of wheat, hills of blood. Passages to nationhood in Greek Macedonia, 1870–1990. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; 1997. 370 p.
- Stremmel F. An Imperial German battle to win over Mesopotamia: the Baghdad Propagandaschule (1909–1917). Middle Eastern Studies. 2015;51(1):49–71.
- Delgado CB. Historia de la educación en España y América: la educación en la España contemporánea (1789–1975). Madrid: Ediciones Morata; 1994. 974 p.
- Frankema E. Why was the Dutch legacy so poor? Educational development in the Netherlands Indies, 1871–1942. Utrecht: Centre for Global Economic History at Utrecht University; 2014. 21 p.
- Furnivall JS. Colonial policy and practice. A comparative study of Burma and Netherlands India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1948. 575 p.
- van Leeuwen B. Human capital and economic growth in India, Indonesia and Japan: a quantitative analysis, 1890–2000. Utrecht: Box Press Shop; 2007. 336 p.
- Mühlhahn K. Herrschaft und Widerstand in der “Musterkolonie” Kiautschou. Oldenbourg: Wissenschaftsverlag; 2000. 474 S.
- Djian JM. Politique culturelle: la find’unmithe. Paris: Editions Gallimard; 2005. 196 p.
- Abelain M. Die Kulturpolitik des Deutschen reiches und der bundesrepublik Deutschland. Ihre verfassungsgeschichtlicheEntwicklung und ihre verfassungsrechtlichen Probleme. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag; 1968. 312 S.
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of the Belarusian State University. International Relations
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The authors who are published in this journal agree to the following:
- The authors retain copyright on the work and provide the journal with the right of first publication of the work on condition of license Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial. 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).
- The authors retain the right to enter into certain contractual agreements relating to the non-exclusive distribution of the published version of the work (e.g. post it on the institutional repository, publication in the book), with the reference to its original publication in this journal.
- The authors have the right to post their work on the Internet (e.g. on the institutional store or personal website) prior to and during the review process, conducted by the journal, as this may lead to a productive discussion and a large number of references to this work. (See The Effect of Open Access.)