Hierarchy and structure of love attitudes of Belarusians and Chinese

Authors

  • Igor A. Fourmanov Belarusian State University, 4 Niezaliežnasci Avenue, Minsk 220030, Belarus https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1931-9751
  • Xinchun Nie Belarusian State University, 4 Niezaliežnasci Avenue, Minsk 220030, Belarus
  • Xiaoxuan Zhao Belarusian State University, 4 Niezaliežnasci Avenue, Minsk 220030, Belarus

Keywords:

love attitudes, Eros, Storge, Pragma, Mania, Agape

Abstract

It was found that in the hierarchy of love attitudes of Belarusian men and women, the dominant position is occupied by Eros, Agape and Mania, in Chinese men – Agape, Pragma and Eros, in Chinese women – Agape, Pragma and Mania. Regardless of nationality and gender, Ludus takes the last place in the hierarchy of love attitudes. The regression analysis identified five types of lovers: emotional, rational, devoted, anxious, and playful.

Author Biographies

  • Igor A. Fourmanov, Belarusian State University, 4 Niezaliežnasci Avenue, Minsk 220030, Belarus

    doctor of science (psychology), full professor; head of the department of social and organisational psychology

  • Xinchun Nie, Belarusian State University, 4 Niezaliežnasci Avenue, Minsk 220030, Belarus

    postgraduate student at the department of social and organisational psychology

  • Xiaoxuan Zhao, Belarusian State University, 4 Niezaliežnasci Avenue, Minsk 220030, Belarus

    master of science (psychology)

References

  1. Aron A, Aron EN. Love and sexuality. In: McKinney K, Sprecher S, editors. Sexuality in close relationships. Hillsdale: Erlbaum; 1991. p. 25–48.
  2. Sangrador JL. Consideraciones psicosociales sobre el amor romántico. Psicothema. 1993;5:181–196.
  3. Fourmanov IA. Love attitudes during the transition to early adulthood: intergenerational comparison. Pravo. Ekonomika. Psikhologiya. Nauchno-prakticheskiy zhurnal. 2019;4(16):97–105. Russian.
  4. Ellis B, Malamuth NM. Love and anger in romantic relationships: a discrete systems model. Journal of Personality. 2000;68:3525–3556. DOI: 10.1111/1467-6494.00105.
  5. Fourmanov IA. Love attitudes in romantic and marital re-lationships. Journal of the Belarusian State University. Philo­sophy and Psychology. 2019;3:74–81. Russian.
  6. Lee JA. The colors of love: An exploration of the ways of loving. Don Mills: New Press; 1973. 294 p.
  7. Hedrick C, Hendrick S. A theory and method of love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986;50:392–402.
  8. Butler R, Walker WR, Skowronski JJ, Shannon L. Age and responses to the love attitudes scale: consistency in structure, differences in scores. International Journal of Aging and Human Development. 1995;40:281–296. DOI: 10.2190/YAA7-3C7G-TVXT-VATB.
  9. Raffagnino R, Puddu L. Love styles in couple relationships: a literature review. Open Journal of Social Sciences. 2018;6:307–330. DOI: 10.4236/jss.2018.612027.
  10. Hendrick C, Hendrick SS. Styles of romantic love. In: Sternberg RJ, Sternberg K, editors. The new psychology of love. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2019. р. 223–239.
  11. Neto F, Mullet E, Deschamps J-C, Barros J, Benvindo R, Camino L, et al. Cross-cultural vari­ations in attitudes toward love. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2000;31:626–635. DOI: 10.1177/0022022100031005005.
  12. Jankowiak WR, Fischer F. A cross-cultural perspective on romantic love. Ethnology. 1992;31(2):149–155. DOI: 10.2307/3773618.
  13. Neto F. Love styles: A cross-cultural study of British, Indian, and Portuguese college students. Journal of Comparative Family Studies. 2007;38(2):239–254. DOI: 10.3138/jcfs.38.2.239.
  14. Sprecher S, Aron A, Hatfield E, Cortese A, Potapova E, Levitskaya A. Love: American style, Russian style, and Japanese style. Personal Relationships. 1994;1:349–369. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6811.1994.tb00070.x.
  15. Triandis HC, Bontempo R, Villareal MJ, Asai M, Lucca N. Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspective on self in group relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1988;79:323–338.
  16. Triandis HC. Individualism-collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality. 2001;69(6):907–924. DOI: 10.1111/1467-6494.696169.
  17. Dion KL, Dion КK. Gender and ethnocultural comparisons in styles of love. Psychology of Women Quarterly. 1993;17(4):463–473. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1993.tb00656.x.
  18. Goodwin R, Findlay C. «We were just fated together»... Chinese love and the concept of yuan in England and Hong Kong. Personal Relationships. 1997;4(1):85–92. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6811.1997.tb00132.x.
  19. Sprecher S, Toro-Morn M. A study of men and women from different sides of earth to determine if men are from Mars and women are from Venus in their beliefs about love and romantic relationships. Sex Roles. 2002;46:131–147. DOI: 10.1023/A:1019780801500.
  20. Country Comparison [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 May 12]. Available from: https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/belarus/.
  21. Park YS, Kim U. Family, parent-child relationship, and academic achievement in Korea: Indigenous, cultural and psychological analysis. In: Kim U, Yang K-S, Hwang K-K, editors. Indigenous and cultural psychology: understanding people in context. New York: Springer Science + Business Media; 2006. р. 421–443. DOI: 10.1007/0-387-28662-4_19.
  22. Kim J, Hatfield E. Love types and subjective well-being: a cross-cultural study. Social Behavior and Personality. 2004;32(2):173–182. DOI: 10.2224/sbp.2004.32.2.173.
  23. Hans JD. Do love styles predict lifetime number of sex partners? American Journal of Sexuality Education. 2008;3(2):149–164. DOI: 10.1080/15546120802104328.
  24. Yang Y, Liu A. Reliability and validity of the chinese love attitude scale. Asian Social Science. 2007;3(8):41–44.
  25. Zeng X, Pan Y, Zhou H, Yu S, Liu X. Exploring different patterns of love attitudes among Chinese college students. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(11):e0166410. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166410.
  26. Nasledov AD. SPSS: komp’yuternyi analiz dannykh v psikhologii i sotsial’nykh naukakh [SPSS: computer data analysis in psychology and social sciences]. Saint Petersburg: Peter; 2005. 416 p. Russian.
  27. Davis KE, Latty-Mann H. Love styles and relationship quality: a contribution to validation. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 1987;4:409–428. DOI: 10.1177/0265407587044002.
  28. Sanri C, Goodwin R. Values and love styles in Turkey and Great Britain: an intercultural and intracultural comparison. International Journal of Psychology. 2013;48(5):837–845. DOI: 10.1080/00207594.2012.712697.
  29. Hatfield E, Rapson RL. Historical and cross-cultural perspectives on passionate love and sexual desire. Annual Review of Sex Research. 1993;4:67–98.
  30. Hendrick C, Hendrick SS. Dimensions of love: a sociobiological perspective. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 1991;10:206–230. DOI: 10.1521/jscp.1991.10.2.206.
  31. Levine TR, Strzyzewski AK, Park HS. Love styles and communication in relationships: partner preferences, initiation, and intensification. Communication Quarterly. 2006;54(4):465–486. DOI: 10.1080/01463370601036515.
  32. Bierhoff HW, Grau I, Ludwig A. Marburger Einstellungs-Inventar für Liebesstile. Göttingen: Hogrefe; 1993. 53 S.
  33. Rohmann E, Führer A, Bierhoff HW. Relationship satisfaction across European cultures: the role of love styles. Cross-Cultural Research. 2016;50(2):178–211. DOI: 10.1177/1069397116630950.
  34. Jankowiak W, Shen Y, Yao S, Wang C, Volsche S. Investigating Love’s universal attributes: a research report from China. Cross-Cultural Research. 2015;49(4):422–436. DOI: 10.1177/1069397115594355/.
  35. Wan WN, Luk CL, Lai JCL. Personality correlates of loving styles among Chinese students in Hong Kong. Personality and Individual Differences. 2000;29:169–175. DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00185-3.
  36. Gabrenya W, Hwang K. Chinese social interaction: harmony and hierarchy on the good earth. In: Bond MH, editor. Handbook of Chinese psychology. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press; 1996. р. 309–321.
  37. Gao G, Ting-Toomey S, Gudykunst W. Chinese communication processes. In: Bond MH, editor. Handbook of Chinese psychology. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press; 1996. р. 280–293.
  38. Smith R, Klases A. Predictors of Love Attitudes: The contribution of cultural orientation, gender attachment style, relationship length and age in participants from the UK and Hong Kong. Interpersona. An International Journal on Personal Relationships. 2016;10:90–108. DOI: 10.5964/ijpr.v10i1.204.

Downloads

Published

2021-10-07

Issue

No. 3 (2021): Journal of the Belarusian State University. Philosophy and Psychology

Section

Psychological Researches

License

The authors who are published in this journal agree to the following:

  1. The authors retain copyright on the work and provide the journal with the right of first publication of the work on condition of license Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial. 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).
  2. The authors retain the right to enter into certain contractual agreements relating to the non-exclusive distribution of the published version of the work (e.g. post it on the institutional repository, publication in the book), with the reference to its original publication in this journal.
  3. The authors have the right to post their work on the Internet (e.g. on the institutional store or personal website) prior to and during the review process, conducted by the journal, as this may lead to a productive discussion and a large number of references to this work. (See The Effect of Open Access.)

How to Cite

[1]
Fourmanov, .I.A. et al. 2021. Hierarchy and structure of love attitudes of Belarusians and Chinese. Journal of the Belarusian State University. Philosophy and Psychology. 3 (Oct. 2021), 73–83.