Проблемы концептуализации и операционализации отношения к иммигрантам в межстрановых сравнительных исследованиях

  • Дмитрий Сергеевич Григорьев Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики», ул. Мясницкая, 20, 101000, г. Москва, Россия https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4511-7942

Аннотация

Рассматривается текущая дискуссия среди специалистов, подробно исследуется проблемная непоследовательность в концептуализации и операционализации отношения к иммигрантам в межстрановых сравнительных исследованиях. Показаны истоки обозначенных проблем, которые прежде всего связаны с теоретическим тупиком, а именно с замкнутостью и тиражированием теории конкурентной угрозы и излишней опорой на литературу (особенно американскую) по расовой предубежденности (отношение к иммигрантам и отношение к афроамериканскому населению США – это далеко не одно и то же). Поднимаются вопросы, вызванные необходимостью четкого определения границ между группами (иммигрантами и принимающим населением), применения группоспецифического подхода, преодоления терминологического разнообразия, большей дифференциации взаимосвязанных конструктов, перехода от отражающего (reflective) подхода к измерительным моделям к формующему (formative) для введения специального сравнительного индекса отношения к иммигрантам, учитывающего страновую (региональную) специфику, решения проблемы измерения в рамках опросного метода при подборе пунктов для анкеты (включая избегание пунктов, которые несут двойственный характер). Также рассмотрены варианты прикладной концептуализации отношения к иммигрантам с помощью метафоры расстояния (социальная дистанция) и температуры («термометр чувств») и сопутствующие вопросы их операционализации. При необходимости приводятся иллюстрации и примеры, актуальные для российской действительности.

Биография автора

Дмитрий Сергеевич Григорьев , Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики», ул. Мясницкая, 20, 101000, г. Москва, Россия

кандидат психологических наук; научный сотрудник Центра социокультурных исследований

Литература

  1. Shils EA. The Present State of American Sociology. New York: Free Press; 1948. 64 p.
  2. Dancygier RM, Laitin DD. Immigration into Europe: economic discrimination, violence, and public policy. Annual Review of Political Science. 2014;17:43–64. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-082012-115925.
  3. Polavieja JG. Labour-market competition, recession and anti-immigrant sentiments in Europe: occupational and environmental drivers of competitive threat. Socio-Economic Review. 2016;14(3):395–417. DOI: 10.1093/ser/mww002.
  4. Berry JW, Hou F. Acculturation, discrimination and wellbeing among second generation of immigrants in Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2017;61:29–39. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.08.003.
  5. Berry JW, Sabatier C. Acculturation, discrimination, and adaptation among second generation immigrant youth in Montreal and Paris. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2010;34(3):191–207. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.11.007.
  6. Hanson GH. The economic consequences of the international migration of labor. Annual Review of Economics. 2009;1:179–208. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.economics.050708.143247.
  7. Crepaz MML. Trust beyond borders: immigration, the welfare state, and identity in modern societies. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press; 2008. 328 p. (Contemporary political and social issues). DOI: 10.3998/mpub.133495.
  8. OECD International Migration Database and Labour Market Outcomes of Immigrants [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 April 4]. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/els/mig/keystat.htm.
  9. Koenig AM, Eagly AH. Typical roles and intergroup relations shape stereotypes: how understanding social structure clarifies the origins of stereotype content. Social Psychology Quarterly. 2019;82(2):205–230. DOI: 10.1177/0190272519850766.
  10. Putnam RD. E Pluribus Unum: diversity and community in the twenty-first century. The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize lecture. Scandinavian Political Studies. 2007;30(2):137–174. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9477.2007.00176.x.
  11. Batkhina A. Values and communication apprehension as antecedents of conflict styles in intercultural conflicts: a study in Germany and Russia. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology. 2020;26(1):22–34. DOI: 10.1037/pac0000429.
  12. Fussell E. Warmth of the welcome: attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy in the United States. Annual Review of Sociology. 2014;40(1):479–498. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043325.
  13. Davidov E, Semyonov M. Attitudes toward immigrants in European societies. International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 2017;58(5):359–366. DOI: 10.1177/0020715217732183.
  14. Ceobanu AM, Escandell X. Comparative analyses of public attitudes toward immigrants and immigration using multinational survey data: a review of theories and research. Annual Review of Sociology. 2010;36(1):309–328. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102651.
  15. Jedinger A, Eisentraut M. Exploring the differential effects of perceived threat on attitudes toward ethnic minority groups in Germany. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020;10:2895. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02895.
  16. Bail CA. The configuration of symbolic boundaries against immigrants in Europe. American Sociological Review. 2008;73(1):37–59. DOI: 10.1177/000312240807300103.
  17. Berg JA. Explaining attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy: a review of the theoretical literature. Sociology Compass. 2015;9(1):23–34. DOI: 10.1111/soc4.12235.
  18. Blumer H. Race prejudice as a sense of group position. The Pacific Sociological Review. 1958;1(1):3–7. DOI: 10.2307/1388607.
  19. Allport GW. The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge: Addison-Wesley; 1954. 537 p.
  20. Paluck EL, Green SA, Green DP. The contact hypothesis re-evaluated. Behavioural Public Policy. 2019;3(2):129–158. DOI: 10.1017/bpp.2018.25.
  21. Shrira I. Population diversity and ancestral diversity as distinct contributors to outgroup prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2020;46(6):885–895. DOI: 10.1177/0146167219880190.
  22. Ramos MR, Bennett MR, Massey DS, Hewstone M. Humans adapt to social diversity over time. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2019;116(25):12244–12249. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818884116.
  23. Farmer H, Hewstone M, Spiegler O, Morse H, Saifullah A, Pan X, et al. Positive intergroup contact modulates fusiform gyrus activity to black and white faces. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1):1–13. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59633-9.
  24. Stanciu A, Vauclair C-M, Rodda N. Evidence for stereotype accommodation as an expression of immigrants’ socio-cognitive adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2019;72:76–86. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2019.07.003.
  25. Aschauer W, Mayerl J. The dynamics of ethnocentrism in Europe. A comparison of enduring and emerging determinants of solidarity towards immigrants. European Societies. 2019;21(5):672–703. DOI: 10.1080/14616696.2019.1616791.
  26. Hopkins DJ. Politicized places: explaining where and when immigrants provoke local opposition. American Political Science Review. 2010;104(1):40–60. DOI: 10.1017/S0003055409990360.
  27. Green EG, Visintin EP, Sarrasin O. From ethnic group boundary demarcation to deprovincialization: the interplay of immigrant presence and ideological climate. International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 2018;59(5–6):383–402. DOI: 10.1177/0020715218801422.
  28. Kustov A. Is there a backlash against immigration from richer countries? International hierarchy and the limits of group threat. Political Psychology. 2019;40(5):973–1000. DOI: 10.1111/pops.12588.
  29. Mangum M. Revisiting economic threat and cultural concerns: public opinion toward immigration and non-citizens by race. Social Science Research. 2019;83:102309. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.05.002.
  30. Meuleman B, Abts K, Schmidt P, Pettigrew TF, Davidov E. Economic conditions, group relative deprivation and ethnic threat perceptions: a cross-national perspective. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 2020;46(3):593–611. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2018.1550157.
  31. Tartakovsky E, Walsh SD. Testing a new theoretical model for attitudes toward immigrants: the case of social workers attitudes toward asylum seekers in Israel. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2016;47(1):72–96. DOI: 10.1177/0022022115613860.
  32. Tezcan T. The hometown cluster-based intergroup threat model: exploring conflict among internal migrant groups in Gebze, Turkey. Turkish Studies. 2020;21(1):108–136. DOI: 10.1080/14683849.2018.1540305.
  33. Pichler F. Foundations of anti-immigrant sentiment: the variable nature of perceived group threat across changing European societies, 2002–2006. International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 2010;51(6):445–469. DOI: 10.1177/0020715210379456.
  34. Leong C-H. A multilevel research framework for the analyses of attitudes toward immigrants. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2008;32(2):115–129. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.10.002.
  35. Acculturation: an exploratory formulation. The social science research council, summer seminar on acculturation, 1953. American Anthropologist. 1954;56(6):973–1000. DOI: 10.1525/aa.1954.56.6.02a00030.
  36. Berry JW. Acculturation as varieties of adaptation. In: Padilla AM, editor. Acculturation: theory, models, and some new findings. Boulder: Westview; 1980. p. 9–25.
  37. Evans MDR, Kelley J. Prejudice against immigrants symptomizes a larger syndrome, is strongly diminished by socioeconomic development, and the UK is not an outlier: insights from the WVS, EVS, and EQLS surveys. Frontiers in Sociology. 2019;4(12):1–21. DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2019.00012.
  38. Gorodzeisky A, Semyonov M. Unwelcome immigrants: sources of opposition to different immigrant groups among Europeans. Frontiers in Sociology. 2019;4(24):1–10. DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2019.00024.
  39. Grigoryev D, Batkhina A, van de Vijver F, Berry JW. Towards an integration of models of discrimination of immigrants: From ultimate (functional) to proximate (sociofunctional) explanations. Journal of International Migration and Integration. 2020;21(3):667–691. DOI: 10.1007/s12134-019-00677-w.
  40. van de Vijver FJR. Towards an integrated framework of bias in noncognitive assessment in international large-scale studies: challenges and prospects. Educational Measurement. Issues and Practice. 2018;37(4):49–56. DOI: 10.1111/emip.12227.
  41. Berg JA. White public opinion toward undocumented immigrants: threat and interpersonal environment. Sociological Perspectives. 2009;52(1):39–58. DOI: 10.1525/sop.2009.52.1.39.
  42. Bauer TK, Lofstrom M, Zimmermann KF. Immigration policy, assimilation of immigrants and natives’ sentiments towards immigrants: evidence from 12 OECD-countries. San Diego: The Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California; 2001. 47 p. (IZA Discussion Papers; No. 187).
  43. Hodson G, MacInnis CC, Busseri MA. Bowing and kicking: rediscovering the fundamental link between generalized authoritarianism and generalized prejudice. Personality and Individual Differences. 2017;104:243–251. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.08.018.
  44. Cottrell CA, Neuberg SL. Different emotional reactions to different groups: a sociofunctional threat-based approach to «prejudice». Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2005;88(5):770–789. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.88.5.770.
  45. Neuberg SL, Williams KEG, Sng O, Pick CM, Neel R, Krems JA, et al. Toward capturing the functional and nuanced nature of social stereotypes: an affordance management approach. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 2020;62:245–304. DOI: 10.1016/bs.aesp.2020.04.004.
  46. Aubé B, Ric F. The sociofunctional model of prejudice: questioning the role of emotions in the threat-behavior link. International Review of Social Psychology. 2019;32(1):1–15. DOI: 10.5334/irsp.169.
  47. Grigoryev D, Fiske ST, Batkhina A. Mapping ethnic stereotypes and their antecedents in Russia: the stereotype content model. Frontiers in Psychology. 2019;10:1643. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01643.
  48. Landmann H, Gaschler R, Rohmann A. What is threatening about refugees? Identifying different types of threat and their association with emotional responses and attitudes towards refugee migration. European Journal of Social Psychology. 2019;49(7):1401–1420. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2593.
  49. Duckitt J, Sibley CG. Right wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation and the dimensions of generalized prejudice. European Journal of Personality. 2007;21(2):113–130. DOI: 10.1002/per.614.
  50. Cantal C, Milfont TL, Wilson MS, Gouveia VV. Differential effects of right‐wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation on dimensions of generalized prejudice in Brazil. European Journal of Personality. 2015;29(1):17–27. DOI: 10.1002/per.1978.
  51. Grigoryev D. Values, social distance and attitudes toward immigration: a cross-cultural study of Belgium, Germany, France and the Netherlands. Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. 2016;13(2):273–298. Russian. DOI: 10.17323/1813-8918-2016-2-273-298.
  52. Coltman T, Devinney TM, Midgley DF, Venaik S. Formative versus reflective measurement models: two applications of formative measurement. Journal of Business Research. 2008;61(12):1250–1262. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.01.013.
  53. Welzel C, Inglehart RF. Misconceptions of measurement equivalence: time for a paradigm shift. Comparative Political Studies. 2016;49(8):1068–1094. DOI: 10.1177/0010414016628275.
  54. Weaver CN. Social distance as a measure of prejudice among ethnic groups in the United States. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2008;38(3):779–795. DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00326.x.
  55. Laumann EO. Subjective social distance and urban occupational stratification. American Journal of Sociology. 1965;71(1):26–36. DOI: 10.1086/223990.
  56. Duckitt J. Prejudice and intergroup hostility. In: Sears D, Huddy L, Jervis R, editors. Oxford handbook of political psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2003. p. 559–600.
  57. Bogardus ES. Social distance and its origins. Journal of Applied Sociology. 1925;9:216–226.
  58. Bogardus ES. A social distance scale. Sociology & Social Research. 1933;17:265–271.
  59. Wark C, Galliher JF. Emory Bogardus and the origins of the social distance scale. The American Sociologist. 2007;38(4):383–395. DOI: 10.1007/s12108-007-9023-9.
  60. Park RE. The concept of social distance as applied to the study of racial attitudes and racial relations. Journal of Applied Sociology. 1924;8:339–344.
  61. Park RE, Burgess EW. Introduction to the science of sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1921. 1040 p.
  62. Kim HJ, Yoo HY, Chung YK. Social distance towards the North Korean refugees in South Korean society. Korea Observer. 2015;46(2):295–320.
  63. Williams RMJr. Strangers next door: ethnic relations in American communities. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall; 1964. 434 p. (Sociology series).
  64. Marger MN. Race and ethnic relations: American and global perspectives. 3rd edition. Belmont: Wadsworth; 1994. 607 p.
  65. Kleinpenning G, Hagendoorn L. Forms of racism and the cumulative dimension of ethnic attitudes. Social Psychology Quarterly. 1993;56(1):21–36. DOI: 10.2307/2786643.
  66. Sniderman PM, Hagendoorn L, Prior M. Predisposing factors and situational triggers: exclusionary reactions to immigrant minorities. American Political Science Review. 2004;98(1):35–49. DOI: 10.1017/S000305540400098X.
  67. Simmel G. The sociology of Georg Simmel. Wolff KH, translator. New York: Free Press; 1950. 445 p. Co-published by the Collier Macmillan Publishes.
  68. Kadushin C. Social distance between client and professional. American Journal of Sociology. 1962;67(5):517–531. DOI: 10.1086/223189.
  69. Ron Y, Solomon J, Halperin E, Saguy T. Willingness to engage in intergroup contact: a multilevel approach. Peace and Conflict. Journal of Peace Psychology. 2017;23(3):210–218. DOI: 10.1037/pac0000204.
  70. Koc Y, Anderson JR. Social distance toward Syrian refugees: the role of intergroup anxiety in facilitating positive relations. Journal of Social Issues. 2018;74(4):790–811. DOI: 10.1111/josi.12299.
  71. Dodd SC, Nehnevajsa J. Physical dimensions of social distance. Sociology & Social Research. 1954;38:287–292.
  72. Converse PE, Dotson JD, Hoag WJ, McGee WHIII, editors. American Social Attitudes Data Sourcebook 1947–1978. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1980. 392 p.
  73. Axt JR. The best way to measure explicit racial attitudes is to ask about them. Social Psychological and Personality Science. 2018;9(8):896–906. DOI: 10.1177/1948550617728995.
  74. van Vaerenbergh Y, Thomas TD. Response styles in survey research: a literature review of antecedents, consequences, and remedies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research. 2013;25(2):195–217. DOI: 10.1093/ijpor/eds021.
  75. Wilcox C, Sigelman L, Cook E. Some like it hot: individual differences in responses to group feeling thermometers. Public Opinion Quarterly. 1989;53(2):246–257. DOI: 10.1086/269505.
  76. van Assche J, Roets A, Dhont K, van Hiel A. The association between actual and perceived ethnic diversity: the moderating role of authoritarianism and implications for outgroup threat, anxiety, and mistrust. European Journal of Social Psychology. 2016;46(7):807–817. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2211.
  77. Grigoryev D, Jurcik T, Batkhina A, Dubrov D. Toward an ecological perspective of interethnic ideologies: moderation effects of ethnic density on relationships between interethnic ideologies and intergroup bias. Russian Psychological Journal. 2018;15(2/1):117–130. DOI: 10.21702/rpj.2018.2.1.7.
  78. Jack RE, Crivelli C, Wheatley T. Data-driven methods to diversify knowledge of human psychology. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2018;22(1):1–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.10.002.
Опубликован
2020-09-29
Ключевые слова: отношение к иммигрантам, межстрановые сравнительные исследования, социальная дистанция, аккультурация, принимающее общество, дискриминация иммигрантов, группоспецифический подход, «термометр чувств»
Поддерживающие организации Статья подготовлена в рамках Программы фундаментальных исследований Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики».
Как цитировать
Григорьев , Д. С. (2020). Проблемы концептуализации и операционализации отношения к иммигрантам в межстрановых сравнительных исследованиях. Журнал Белорусского государственного университета. Социология, 3, 89-100. https://doi.org/10.33581/2521-6821-2020-3-89-100