Односторонние принудительные меры: понятие и квалификация
Аннотация
Изучается проблема терминологии, используемой для обозначения односторонних мер давления (односторонние принудительные меры, односторонние санкции, двусторонние санкции, международные санкции, автономные санкции, секторальные и территориальные санкции и др.). Дается оценка правомерности различных форм санкций, налагаемых государствами и международными организациями либо за пределами полномочий от Совета Безопасности ООН, либо без них, в контексте общего международного права, международного экономического права, права международной безопасности, права в области прав человека и международного гуманитарного права. Помимо этого, автор статьи рассматривает проблему экстратерриториальности и чрезмерного исполнения как неотъемлемый элемент применения односторонних санкций, выявляет характеристики односторонних принудительных мер и формулирует определение последнего понятия.
Литература
- Sparrow G. Sanctions. London: Knightly Vernon; 1972. 58 p.
- Nephew R. The art of sanctions. A view from the field. New York: Columbia University Press; 2018. 216 p.
- Ruys T. Sanctions, retorsions and countermeasures: concepts and international legal framework. In: Herrik L, editor. Research handbook on UN sanctions and international law. Cheltentam: Edward Elgar Publishing; 2017. p. 19–51.
- Puma G. The principle of non-intervention in the face of the Venezuelan crisis. Questions of International Law. 2021;79:5–26.
- Kovalev AA, Chernichenko SV, editors. Mezhdunarodnoe pravo [International law]. Moscow: Prospekt; 2008. 824 p. Russian.
- Abass A. Regional organisations and the development of collective security. London: Hart Publishing; 2004. 272 p.
- Thakur R. The United Nations, peace and security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2016. 428 p.
- Nincic M, Wallensteen P, editors. Dilemmas of economic coercion: sanctions in world politics. New York: Praeger Publishers; 1983. 250 p.
- Ignatenko GV, Tiunov OI, editors. Mezhdunarodnoe pravo [International law]. Moscow: Norma; 2013. 752 p. Russian.
- Kalamkaryan RA, Migachev YuI. Mezhdunarodnoe pravo [International law]. Moscow: Eksmo; 2004. 688 p. Russian.
- Shibaeva EA. [International organisations in the system of international legal regulation]. Sovetskii ezhegodnik mezhdunarodnogo prava. 1980;21:214–224. Russian.
- Grünfeld F. The effectiveness of United Nations economic sanctions. In: van Genugten WJM, de Groot GA, editors. United Nations sanctions: effectiveness and effects, especially in the field of human rights. A multi-disciplinary approach. Antwerpen: Intersentia; 1999. p. 113–134.
- Lukashuk II. Pravo mezhdunarodnoi otvetstvennosti [Law of international responsibility]. Moscow: Walters Kluwer; 2004. 404 p. Russian.
- Barnhizer D, editor. Effective strategies for protecting human rights: economic sanctions, use of national courts, and international fora and coercive power. New York: Routledge; 2001. 294 p.
- Felbermayr G, Kirilakha A, Syropoulos C, Yalcin E, Yotov VY. The global sanctions data base [Internet; cited 2021 January 3]. Available from: https://drive.google.com/file/d/11djwEIr96SFt6YpMzo9gaB6ZJrOer8AX/view.
- Simma B. Does the UN Charter provide an adequate legal basis for individual or collective responses to violations of obligations erga omnes? In: Delbruck J, editor. The future of international law enforcement: new scenarios – new law? Berlin: Duncker and Humblot; 1993. p. 126–127.
- Nyun TM. Feeling good or doing good: inefficacy of the US unilateral sanctions against the military government of Burma/Myanmar. Washington University Global Studies Law Review. 2008;7(3):455–518.
- Lillich RB. Economic coercion and the international legal order. International Affairs. 1975;51:358–372.
- Bowett DB. Reprisals involving recourse to armed force. American Journal of International Law. 1972;66:3–7.
- Giumelli F. The purposes of targeted sanctions. In: Biersteker TJ, Eckert SE, Tourino M, editors. Targeted sanctions: the impacts and effectiveness of United Nations action. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2016. p. 38–59.
- Tzanakopoulos A. We who are not as others: sanctions and (global) security governance. In: Geiß R, Melzer N. The Oxford handbook on the international law of global security. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2020. p. 32–48.
- Kern A. Economic sanctions. Law and public policy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; 2009. 359 p.
- Rathbone M, Jeydel P, Lentz A. Sanctions, sanctions everywhere: forging a path through complex transnational sanctions’ laws. Georgetown Journal of International Law. 2013;44(3):1071–1074.
- Exclusive: Venezuela asks Bank of England to sell its gold to UN for coronavirus relief [Internet; cited 2021 August 18]. Available from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-venezuela-gold-exc-idUSKBN22B30X.
- Crawford J. Brownlie’s principles of public international law. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2012. 803 p.
- Warbrick C. States and recognition in international law. In: Evans MD, editor. International law. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006. p. 253–256.
- Dunn G. Mid-year sanctions and export controls update [Internet; cited 2021 January 4]. Available from: https://www.gibsondunn.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/2020-mid-year-sanctions-and-export-controls-update.pdf.
- Strosnider K, Addis D. New sanctions targeting Russian financial and energy sectors [Internet; cited 2021 August 18]. Available from: https://www.globalpolicywatch.com/2014/07/new-sanctions-targeting-russian-financial-and-energy-sectors/.
- O’Toole B. Don’t believe the SWIFT China sanctions hype [Internet; cited 2021 August 18]. Available from: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/dont-believe-the-swift-china-sanctions-hype/.
- SWIFT says it “has no authority” to unplug Russia or Israel [Internet; cited 2021 August 18]. Available from: https://www.pymnts.com/in-depth/2014/swift-says-it-has-no-authority-to-unplug-russia-or-israel/.
- Economist: disconnecting from SWIFT will be a bomb for the regime [Internet; cited 2021 August 18]. Available from: https://charter97.org/en/news/2020/11/25/401835/.
- Pinto RA. Digital sovereignty or digital colonialsim? Sur – International Journal on Human Rights. 2018;27:15–27.
- Gotlieb AE. Extraterritoriality: a Canadian perspective. Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business. 1983;5(3):449–461.
- Geyrhalter B. Friedenssicherung durch Regionalorganisationen ohne Beschluß des Sicherheitsrates. Cologne: LIT; 2001. 239 S.
- Malkawi BH. Collective sanctions through the lenses of international economics law: the case of the League of Arab States trade boycott of Israel [Internet; cited 2021 August 18]. Available from: https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cu9D2kXfbDMJ:https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/UCM/ReportHRC48/Academia/submission-malkawi-bashar-h.doc+&cd=1&hl=ru&ct=clnk&gl=by.
- Hahn MJ. Vital interests and the law of GATT: an analysis of GATT’s security exception [Internet; cited 2021 August 18]. Available from: https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1653&context=mjil.
- Bruderlein C. Coping with the humanitarian impact of sanctions: an OCHA perspective [Internet; cited 2021 January 4]. Available from: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/677CE646930621C7C1256C22002C7B7F-CHA_dec1998.pdf.
- Reisman WM, Stevick DL. The applicability of international law standards to United Nations economic sanctions pro grammes. European Journal of International Law. 1998;9(1):86–141.
- Petrescu IM. The humanitarian impact of economic sanctions. Europolity – Continuity and Change in European Governance. New Series. 2016;10(2):205–246.
- Romano SM. Guerra psicológica recargada: cibersanciones, Venezuela y geopolítica. Revista Internacional de Pensamiento Politico. 2017;12:105–124.
- O’Sullivan D, Moshtaghian A. Instagram says it’s removing posts supporting Soleimani to comply with US sanctions [Internet; cited 2021 August 18]. Available from: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/10/tech/instagram-iran-soleimani-posts/index.html.
- Tickle J. Chechen leader Kadyrov banned from Instagram again, loses account with 1.4 million followers [Internet; cited 2021 August 18]. Available from: https://www.rt.com/russia/488533-kadyrov-banned-instagram-again/.
- Cameron I. Protecting legal rights: on the (in)security of targeted sanctions. In: Wallensteen P, Staibano C, editors. International sanctions: between words and wars in the global system. London: Frank Cass; 2005. p. 181–206.
- Bianchi A. Assessing the effectiveness of the UN Security Council’s anti-terrorism measures. European Journal of International Law. 2006;17(5):881–919.
- van den Herik L. The Security Council’s targeted sanctions regimes: in need of better protection of the individual. Leiden Journal of International Law. 2007;20(4):797–807.
- Arnold R. Human rights in times of terrorism. Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht. 2006;66:297–321.
- Dandurand Y. Handbook on criminal justice and responses to terrorism, criminal justice. New York: United Nations; 2009. 136 p.
- Right to live without a blockade [Internet; cited 2021 August 19]. Available from: https://oi-files-cng-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/lac.oxfam.org/s3fs-public/file_attachments/bp-cuba-blockade-women-250521-en.pdf.
- BNP Paribas to pay $9bn to settle sanctions violations [Internet; cited 2021 August 19]. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-28099694.
- Faghihi R. Millions of Iranians at risk as US sanctions choke insulin supplies [Internet; cited 2021 January 27]. Available from: https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-insulin-medicine-us-sanctions-millions-risk.
- Stoll T, Blockmans S, Hagemejer J, Hartwell CA, Gött H, Karunska K, Maurer A. Extraterritorial sanctions on trade and investments and European responses policy department for external relations [Internet; cited 2021 January 4]. Available from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EXPO_STU(2020)653618.
- Mallard G, Sabet F, Sun J. The humanitarian gap in the global sanctions regime. Global Governance: a Review of Multilateralism and International Organisations. 2020;6(1):121–153.
- Timofeev IN. “Sanctions for sanctions violation”: US Department of Treasury enforcement sactions against the financial sector. Polis. Political Studies. 2020;6:73–90. Russian. DOI: 10.17976/jpps/2020.06.06.
- Boyle D. Extra-territoriality and US economic sanctions. International Enforcement Law Reporter. 2020;36(3):101–103.
- Bennis Ph. Sanctions in the era of pandemic [Internet; cited 2021 August 19]. Available from: https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/5/12/sanctions-in-the-era-of-pandemic.
- MilánY. R.La historia no contada de cómo un avión con suministros médicos desde China no ha podido entrar a Cuba [Internet; cited 2021 August 19]. Available from: http://www.granma.cu/cuba-covid-19/2020-04-01/por-que-las-cosas-paracuba-siempre-son-mas-dificiles.
- Adding to the evidence: the impacts of sanctions and restrictive measures on humanitarian action [Internet; cited 2021 August 18]. Available from: https://voiceeu.org/publications/adding-to-the-evidence-the-impact-of-sanctions-and-restrictive-measures-on-humanitarian-action.pdf.
- Economic sanctions and COVID-19 pandemic [Internet; cited 2021 August 18]. Available from: https://www.cetim.ch/25648-2/.
- Debarre A. Making sanctions smarter: safeguarding humanitarian action [Internet; cited 2021 August 18]. Available from: https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/1912_Making-Sanctions-Smarter.pdf.
- Chidiebere CO. Targeted or restrictive: impact of US and EU sanctions on education and healthcare of Zimbabweans. African Research Review. 2017;11(3):31–41. DOI: 10.4314/afrrev.v11i3.4.
Copyright (c) 2021 Журнал Белорусского государственного университета. Международные отношения
Это произведение доступно по лицензии Creative Commons «Attribution-NonCommercial» («Атрибуция — Некоммерческое использование») 4.0 Всемирная.
Авторы, публикующиеся в данном журнале, соглашаются со следующим:
- Авторы сохраняют за собой авторские права на работу и предоставляют журналу право первой публикации работы на условиях лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial. 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).
- Авторы сохраняют право заключать отдельные контрактные договоренности, касающиеся неэксклюзивного распространения версии работы в опубликованном здесь виде (например, размещение ее в институтском хранилище, публикацию в книге) со ссылкой на ее оригинальную публикацию в этом журнале.
- Авторы имеют право размещать их работу в интернете (например, в институтском хранилище или на персональном сайте) до и во время процесса рассмотрения ее данным журналом, так как это может привести к продуктивному обсуждению и большему количеству ссылок на данную работу. (См. The Effect of Open Access).