Шахматы как означающее: эволюция означаемого в средневековой культуре

  • Марина Александровна Можейко Белорусский государственный университет культуры и искусств, ул. Рабкоровская, 17, 220007, г. Минск, Беларусь

Аннотация

Анализируются шахматы как знаковая система (а именно как означающее). Обосновывается моделирующая природа шахматной игры. Реконструируется процесс семиотической эволюции шахматных фигур: в этом контексте анализируются чатуранга, чатранг, шатрандж, шахматы с  о. Льюис, шахматы влюбленных, курьерские шахматы, лунные шахматы и  др. Рассматривается эволюция в  культуре Средневековья стоящих за шахматной партией смыслов: битва – рыцарский турнир – куртуазный флирт – социум в целом – бытие как таковое. 

Биография автора

Марина Александровна Можейко, Белорусский государственный университет культуры и искусств, ул. Рабкоровская, 17, 220007, г. Минск, Беларусь

доктор философских наук, профессор; заведующий кафедрой философии и методологии гуманитарных наук факультета культурологии и социокультурной деятельности

Литература

  1. Pastoureau М. Povsednevnaya zhizn’ Frantsii i Anglii vo vremena rytsarei Kruglogo stola [Everyday life of France and England during the knights of the Round Table]. Moscow: Molodaya gvardiya; 2001. 223 p. Russian.
  2. Mojeiko MA. Oznachivanie [Giving meaning]. In: Gritsanov AA, Mojeiko MA, editors. Postmodernizm. Entsiklopediya. Minsk: Interpressservice; 2001. p. 537–538. Co-published by «Knizhnyi dom». Russian.
  3. Gollan J. Chess variations: ancient, regional, and modern. North Clarendon, Vermont: Tuttle Publishing (Charles E. Tuttle Company); 1973. 233 p.
  4. Murray HJR. A history of chess. Oxford: The Clarendon Press (Horace Hart M. A. Printed to University); 1913. 900 p.
  5. Biruni Abu Reikhan. [India]. In: Biruni Abu Reikhan. Izbrannye proizvedeniya. Tom. 2 [Selected works. Volume 2]. Tashkent: Fan; 1963. 727 р. Russian.
  6. Ambartsumyan AA, translator. Kniga o shakhmatakh [Chatrang-Namag] [A book about chess [Chatrang-Namag]]. [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2020 November 5]. Available from: http://avesta.tripod.com/pehlev/Chatrang-namag.htm. Russian.
  7. Murray HJR. [How old chess game is? The antiquity of chess games] [Internet; cited 2020 November 9]. Available from: http://thaichess.narod.ru/index/naskolko_stara_shakhmatnaja_igra/0-49. Russian.
  8. Gizycki E. S shakhmatami cherez veka i strany. Nastol’nye igry [With chess through centuries and countries. Table games] [Internet]. Warszawa: Sport & Tourism; 1970 [cited 2020 November 27]. 360 p. Available from: http://table-games.ru/ books/item/f00/s00/z0000009/index.shtml. Russian.
  9. Karpov AE, editor. Shakhmaty: entsiklopedicheskii slovar’ [Chess: an encyclopedic dictionary]. Moscow: Sovetskaya entsiklopediya; 1990. 624 p. Russian.
  10. Conway DJ. Polnaya entsiklopediya mifologicheskikh sushchestv. Istoriya, proiskhozhdenie, magicheskie svoistva [Complete encyclopedia of mythological creatures. History, origin, magical properties]. Saint Petersburg: Ves’; 2011. 457 p. Russian.
  11. Bosworth CE. The titulature of the early Ghaznavids. Oriens. 1962;15:210–233. DOI: 10.2307/1579847.
  12. Caldwell DH, Hall MA, Wilkinson CM. The Lewis chessmen: Unmasked. Edinburgh: National Museums of Scotland; 2014. 80 p.
  13. Robinson J. The Lewis chessmen (objects in focus). London: British Museum Press; 2004. 64 p.
  14. Robinson J. [The Lewis island chess]. ChessPro. Professional’no o shakhmatakh [Internet, cited 2020 November 17]. Available from: https://chesspro.ru/_events/2008/luis.html. Russian.
  15. Arbman Kh. Vikingi [Vikings]. Saint Petersburg: Evraziya; 2006. 320 р. Russian.
  16. Dogerti MDzh. Mir vikingov. Povsednevnaya zhizn’ Detei Odina [The world of the Vikings. Everyday life of the Children of Odin]. Moscow: Eksmo; 2015. 224 p. Russian.
  17. Svanidze AA. Vikingi – lyudi sagi: zhizn’ i nravy [Vikings are people of saga: life and customs]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie; 2014. 800 p. Russian.
  18. Narni A. Korolevstvo vikingov [Kingdom of the Vikings]. Moscow: RIPOL-classic; 2014. 256 p. Russian.
  19. Chernaya LV. Skandinavskaya zhenshchina epokhi vikingov [Viking age Scandinavian woman]. Tomsk State University Journal [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2020 November 23];288:41–48. Available from: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/skandina vskaya-zhenschina-epohi-vikingov/viewer. Russian.
  20. Gubanov IB. Struktura drevneskandinavskogo obshchestva po materialam rodovykh sag [The structure of the Old Scandinavian society based on the family sagas]. In: Myl’nikov AS, editor. Skandinavskie chteniya 1998 goda: etnograficheskie i kul’turno-istoricheskie aspekty [Scandinavian readings of 1998th: ethnographic and cultural-historical aspects]. Saint Petersburg: Nauka; 1999. p. 40–48. Russian.
  21. Gurevich AYa. Pokhody vikingov [Viking treks] [Internet]. Moscow: Nauka; 1966 [cited 2020 November 25]. 183 p. Available from: http://ulfdalir.ru/literature/124. Russian.
  22. Bennett D. Conquerors: the roots of new world horsemanship. Solvang, California: Amigo Publications Inc.; 1998. 422 р.
  23. Akunov VV. Berserki. Voiny-medvedi drevnego Severa [Berserkers. Warrior-bears of the ancient North]. Moscow: Veche; 2014. 320 p. Russian.
  24. Polo de Beaulieu M-A. Srednevekovaya Frantsiya [Medieval France] [Internet]. Moscow: Veche; 2014 [cited 2020 March 31]. 384 p. Available from: https: //history.wikireading.ru/1115. Russian.
  25. Mortimer YaV. Srednevekovaya Angliya. Putevoditel’ puteshestvennika vo vremeni [Medieval England. Time traveller’s guide] [Internet]. Moscow: Eksmo; 2014 [cited 2020 November 16]. 336 р. Available from: http://samlib.ru/m/ maori/srednewekowxe.shtml#TOC_id20237493http://samlib.ru/m/maori/srednewekowxe.shtml#TOC_id20237493. Russian.
  26. Staravojtava N, translator. [The Black island of Samsizhov (the tragicomic story about how the glorious and courtly knight Trischan rescued from captivity the great king Artyush, his best friend and mysterious knight Anzalot, as well as many other good knights of the Round Table)]. Spadchyna. 2003;4–5:102–104. Belarusian.
  27. Mojeiko MA. Meanwhile, to South of the Loire: Southern French chivalrous ideal and the formation of courtesy. Journal of the Belarusian State University. Sociology. 2020;2:100–123. Russian.
  28. Brunel-Lobrichon G, Duhamel-Amado C. Povsednevnaya zhizn’ vo vremena trubadurov XII–XIII vekov [Everyday life during the troubadours’ time of the 12th–13th centuries] [Internet]. Moscow: Molodaya gvardiya; 2003 [cited 2020 March 11]. 416 p. Co-published by the «Palimpsest». Available from: https://coollib.com/b/228569/read https. Russian.
  29. Mojeiko MA. Phenomenon of Donna: the glamour and poverty of Fair Lady. Journal of the Belarusian State University. Sociology. 2020;3:120–138. Russian. DOI: 10.33581/2521-6821-2020-3-120-138.
  30. Levandovskii AP. [About Arthurian, the knights of the Round Table and simply the knights]. In: Pastoureau М. Povsednevnaya zhizn’ Frantsii i Anglii vo vremena rytsarei Kruglogo stola [Everyday life of France and England during the knights of the Round Table]. Moscow: Molodaya gvardiya; 2001. р. 3–12. Russian.
  31. Zharkov SV. Rytsari: pervaya polnaya entsiklopediya [Knights: the first complete encyclopedia] [Internet]. Moscow: Yauza; 2019 [cited 2020 November 14]. 624 p. Available from: http://loveread.me/contents.php?id=64950. Russian.
  32. Ferguson AB. Zolotaya osen’ angliiskoi rytsarstvennosti. Issledovanie upadka i transformatsii rytsarskogo idealizma [The golden autumn of English chivalry. A study of the decline and transformation of chivalrous idealism]. Saint Petersburg: Evraziya; 2004. 352 p. Russian.
  33. Bec P. Burlesque et obscénité chez les troubadours: pour une approche du contre-texte médiéval. Paris: Stock; 1984. 247 p.
  34. Grente G, Bossuat R, Pichard L, Raynaud de Lage G, Hasenor G, Zink M. Dictionnaire des lettres françaises: le Moyen Âge. Paris: Fayard; 1992. 1506 p.
  35. Mussoi A. Playing with memory: The chessboard as mnemonic tool in medieval didactic literature. In: O’Sullivan DE, editor. Chess in the Middle Ages and Early Modern age. A fundamental thought paradigm of the premodern world FMC (Fundamentals of Medieval and Early Modern culture). Boston: De Gruyter; 2012. p. 187–198.
  36. Évrart de Conty. Le livre des eschez amoureux moralizes. Guichard-Tesson F, Roy B, compilateurs. Montréal: CERES; 1993. 828 p.
  37. Évrart de Conty. Le livre des échecs amoureux moralisés [Internet]. Accèder au site de la Bibliothèque nationale de France: Gallica [cité 2020 novembre 23]. Disponible par: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8426258c.
  38. Giogoli K, Friedman JB. Robinet Testard, court illuminator: His manuscripts and his debt to the graphic arts. Journal of the Early Book Society. 2005;8:144–188.
  39. O’Shea RL. Queening: chess and women in Medieval and Renaissance France [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2020 November 25]. 74 р. Available from: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://ru.wikipedia.org/&httpsredir= 1&article=3415&context=etd.
  40. Duniho F. Shatranji. Chessvariant [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2020 November 27]. Available from: https://www.chessvariants. com/difftaking.dir/shatranji.html.
  41. Knowlton R. Courier chess. Chess collector [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2020 November 19];XVIII;1:13–17. Available from: http://courierchess.com/newsletter/CCI-Courier-Chess-Article.pdf.
  42. Bell R. Entsiklopediya nastol’nykh igr narodov mira [Encyclopedia of board games of the peoples of the world]. Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf; 2001. 318 p. Russian.
  43. Byway PV. Modern courier chess. Variant chess [Internet]. 1992 [cited 2020 November 15];1(8):102–103. Available from: http://www.mayhematics.com/s/modco.htm.
  44. Luchitskaya S. Metafory srednevekovogo obshchestva: telo, zdanie, shakhmaty [Metaphors of medieval society: body, building, chess]. In: Zaionts LO, compiler. «Na mezhe mezh Golosom i Ekhom»: sbornik statei v chest’ T. V. Tsiv’yan [«At the boundary between the Voice and the Echo»: a collection of articles in honor of T. V. Tsivyan]. Moscow: Novoe izdatel’stvo; 2007. p. 269–275. Russian.
  45. Ivanova N. [Chess design Selenus – moon chess]. KADUN [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2021 April 15]. Available from: https:// kadun.ru/pressa/dizajn-shahmat-selenus. Russian.
  46. Diem A. A Classicising friar at work: John of Wales’ Breviloquium de virtutibus. In: Alasdair A, MacDonald AA, Zweder von Martels RVM, Veenstra JR, editors. Christian humanism: essays in honour of Arjo Vanderjagt. Leiden: Brill; 2009. p. 75–102.
  47. Diem A. Virtus est via ad gloriam. John of Wales and Michele da Massa in disagreement. Franciscan Studies. 2005; 63:219–273.
  48. Seifert J. Schach, Tod und Liebe Religiöse Deutungen und Analogien. Schachgemeinschaft 1871 Löberitz: GENS UNA SUMUS [Internet; zitiert 2020 November 11]. Erhältlich von: http://www.sg1871loeberitz.de/gesch_kolumne/ seifert.htm.
  49. Geijer E. Schacket, döden och Täby. Schacksnack [Internet; cited 2020 November 17]. Available from: http://www. schacksnack.se/artiklar/82126.
  50. Σφήκας Ν. Ζωγραφικά έργα µε θέµα το Σκάκι από τον δέκατο πέµπτο έως τον εικοστό αιώνα. Θεσσαλονίκη: Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήµιο Θεσσαλονίκης; 2007. 298 σ.
  51. Uspenskii P. [Chess study No. 3: The secret of a piece]. LIVEJOURNAL [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 November 21]. Available from: https://assalam786.livejournal.com/76459.html?utm_source=3userpost. Russian.
  52. Villari P. Dzhirolamo Savonarola i ego vremya. Tom 1 [Girolamo Savonarola and his time. Volume 1]. Saint Petersburg: Gryadushchii den’; 1913. 389 p. Co-published by the «Yakor’». Russian.
Опубликован
2021-06-28
Ключевые слова: знаковая система, модель, означающее, означаемое, шахматы, шахматные фигуры, скрытые смыслы, трансформация значений, эволюция смыслов
Как цитировать
Можейко, М. А. (2021). Шахматы как означающее: эволюция означаемого в средневековой культуре. Журнал Белорусского государственного университета. Социология, 2, 64-79. https://doi.org/10.33581/2521-6821-2021-2-64-79