The treaty of Rapallo as a factor of international relations on the Central European periphery of the Versailles system (1922–1925)
Abstract
On the basis of the core – periphery paradigm of international relations system and the associated concept of regional subsystems, the analysis of the impact of the Rapallo treaty on international relations in the Central European subsystem of the Versailles system is carried out. It is established that the formation of prerequisites for the conclusion of the Rapallo treaty is largely related to the specifics of the Central European regional subsystem. It included states that were characterised by a different attitude to the Versailles system. Russia, which had not signed the Versailles treaty, was located on its border, but through the Riga treaty it actually became an actor within the Central European subsystem. The Rapallo Treaty was based on the common desire of Germany and Russia to destroy the international order that was established in the region by the Versailles and Riga treaties. This posed a threat to the international positions of a number of States in the region interested in preserving the Versailles system. The Rapallo treaty helped to strengthen this trend in the policy of the leading Western states.
References
- Akhtamzyan AA. Rapall’skaya politika. Sovetsko-germanskie otnosheniya. 1922–1932 [Rapallo politics. Soviet-German relations. 1922–1932]. Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya; 1974. 303 p. Russian.
- Trukhnov GM. Pouchitel’nye uroki istorii: Tri sovetsko-germanskikh dogovora (1922–1926 gg.) [Instructive lessons of history: three Soviet-German Treaties (1922–1926)]. Minsk: Izdatel’stvo BGU; 1979. 183 p. Russian.
- Gorlov SA. Sovershenno sekretno: Al’yans Moskva – Berlin, 1920–1933 gg. (Voenno-politicheskie otnosheniya SSSR – Germaniya) [Top secret: the Moscow – Berlin Alliance, 1920–1933 (military-political relations of the USSR – Germany)]. Мoscow: OLMA-PRESS; 2001. 352 p. Russian.
- Zubachevskii VA. Politika Rossii v Tsentral’no-Vostochnoi Evrope (pervaya tret’ XX veka): Geopoliticheskii aspekt [Russia’s policy in Central and Eastern Europe (the first third of the 20th century): a geopolitical aspect]. Omsk: Izdatel’stvo OmGPU; 2018. 396 p. Russian.
- Kantor Yu. Zaklyataya druzhba. Sekretnoe sotrudnichestvo SSSR i Germanii v 1920–1930-e gody [Sworn friendship. Secret cooperation between the USSR and Germany in the 1920s and 1930s]. Saint Petersburg: Piter; 2009. 336 p. Russian.
- Mezga NN. V tiskakh Rapallo: germanskii faktor v pol’sko-sovetskikh otnosheniyakh 1921–1926 godov. [In the Grip of Rapallo: the German factor in Polish-Soviet relations of 1921–1926]. Gomel: Francisk Skorina Gomel State University; 2010. 196 p. Russian.
- Kosmach VA. Ot Komp’ena do Rapallo. Vneshnyaya politika Veimarskoi Germanii posle Pervoi mirovoi voiny (1918–1923 gg.): stranitsy istorii [From Compiegne to Rapallo. The foreign policy of Weimar Germany after the First World War (1918–1923): pages of history]. Pskov: LOGOS; 2017. 551 p. Russian.
- Linke HG. Deutsch-sowjetische Beziehungen bis Rapallo. Köln: Wissenschaft und Politik; 1970. 295 S.
- Zeidler M. Reichswehr und Rote Armee: 1920–1933. Wege und Stationen einer ungewöhnlichen Zusammenarbeit [Dissertation]. München: Oldenbourg; 1994. 373 S.
- Materski W. Na widecie. II Rzeczpospolita wobec Sowietów 1918–1943. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe; 2005. 468 s.
- Grosfeld L. Polska a stosunki niemiecko-sowieckie 1918–1939. Warszawa: Niezależna Oficyna Wydawnicza; 1988. 43 s.
- Minyar-Beloruchev KV. Interaction of core and periphery of the international system: historical analysis. Novaya i noveishaya istoriya. 2020;4:5–20. Russian. DOI: 10.31857/S0000329-9-1.
- Minyar-Beloruchev KV. The core and periphery of the international system: types of interaction. Novaya i noveishaya istoriya. 2019;6:5–18. Russian. DOI: 10.31857/S013038640007606-4.
- di Nol’fo E. Istoriya mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenii (1918–1999 gg.) [History of international relations (1918–1999)]. Moscow: Logos; 2003. 1306 р. Russian.
- Laz’ko RR. Perad patopam. Ewrapejskaja palityka Pol’shchy (1932–1939) [Before the flood. Poland’s European policy (1932–1939)]. Mіnsk: Belarusian State University; 2000. 354 р. Belarusian.
- Belousov LS, Manykin AS, editors. Pervaya mirovaya voina i sud’by evropeiskoi tsivilizatsii [The First World War and the fate of European civilisation]. Moscow: Izdatelstvo Moskovskogo universiteta; 2014. 816 p. Russian.
- Mal’kov VL, editor. Pervaya mirovaya voina: prolog ХХ veka [The First World War: the prologue of the 20th century]. Moscow: Nauka; 1998. 342 p. Russian.
- Golikov GN, Maiorov SM, Obichkin GD, editors. Vospominaniya o V. I. Lenine. Tom 5. Vospominaniya zarubezhnykh sovremennikov [Memories of V. I. Lenin. Volume 5. Memoirs of foreign contemporaries]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury; 1969. 558 p. Russian.
- Wyszczelski L. Wojna o polskie Kresy 1918–1921. Warszawa: Bellona; 2011. 496 s.
- Dubrouka AM. The Riga border in the assessments of the British government circles in the first half of the 1920s. Journal of the Belarusian State University. History. 2021;2:29–38. Russian. DOI: 10.33581/2520-6338-2021-2-29-38.
- Hormach IA. The Soviet State at the International conference in Genoa on economic and financial matters. April 10 – May 19, 1922. Novaya i noveishaya istoriya. 2020;3:80–106. Russian. DOI: 10.31857/S013038640009146-8.
- Kumaniecki J. Wobec ukladu w Rapallo. Z dziejów stosunków polsko-radzieckich: studia i materiały. 1966;2:253–266.
- D’yakov YuL, Bushuev TS. Fashistskii mech kovalsya v SSSR. Krasnaya Armiya i reikhsver. Tainoe sotrudnichestvo 1922–1933 gg. Neizvestnye dokumenty [The Fascist sword was forged in the USSR. The Red Army and the Reichswehr. Secret cooperation 1922–1933. Unknown documents]. Moscow: Sovetskaya Rossiya; 1992. 384 р. Russian.
- Magadeev IE. «Shadow of empires»: ways and means of stability in Central and Eastern Europe viewed by the British diplomats and political leaders in the 1920s. Novaya i noveishaya istoriya. 2021;4:82–96. Russian. DOI: 10.31857/S013038640013654-7.
Published
2022-07-27
Keywords:
Rapallo treaty, Versailles system, Central European subsystem, USSR, Soviet Russia, Germany, international relations, Locarno agreements, Riga treaty
Supporting Agencies
The article is prepared within the framework of the state research programs task for 2021–2025.
How to Cite
Miazga M. M. The treaty of Rapallo as a factor of international relations on the Central European periphery of the Versailles system (1922–1925) // Journal of the Belarusian State University. History. 2022. 3. PP. 61-70.
Section
World History
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of the Belarusian State University. History
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The authors who are published in this journal agree to the following:
- The authors retain copyright on the work and provide the journal with the right of first publication of the work on condition of license Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial. 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).
- The authors retain the right to enter into certain contractual agreements relating to the non-exclusive distribution of the published version of the work (e.g. post it on the institutional repository, publication in the book), with the reference to its original publication in this journal.
- The authors have the right to post their work on the Internet (e.g. on the institutional store or personal website) prior to and during the review process, conducted by the journal, as this may lead to a productive discussion and a large number of references to this work. (See The Effect of Open Access.)
